Symmetry X (2016) 1 Dedicated to Amalie Emmy Noether Born: 23 March 1882 in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany Died: 14 April 1935 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA Symmetry X (2016) 2 Volume X, 2016 Editorial Symmetry Human understanding of nature advances through studies and An annual Publication of CDP, TU researches in basic science. It may appear unattractive as it demands a lot of time, effort and money with seemingly no great use but it is these Patron researches and discoveries in basic science that will eventually lead to the Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal development of all great technologies. We are so much habituated with the comfort provided by these modern technologies that life without them is Advisory Board hard to be imagined. Prof. Dr. Mukunda Mani Aryal Where are we, as a country,in the global scenario of researches in Prof. Dr. Udayraj Khanal science? We almost have no presence of any kind. Our country has political Prof. Dr. Jeevan Jyoti Nakarmi Prof. Dr. Om Prakash Niraula and other problems to address but that should not be a reason for Prof. Dr. Ram Prasad Regmi continuously discarding science sector. Government should prioritize this Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal sector and provide adequate fund for scientific research through Prof. Dr. Narayan Prasad Adhikari Universities and research institutions which is long overdue. Lack of fund Mr. Ishwar Koirala should not be a reason for a graduate student to downsize their research Dr. Hari Prasad Lamichhane project and dissertation work and limit their creative thinking and Dr. Bal Ram Ghimire intellectual energy. Students and researchers should get full backing in their Mr. Ajay Kumar Jha research work from government institutions to have any chance of Dr. Gopi Chandra Kaphle breakthrough in science and to see the culture of scientific research grow. Mr. Nurapati Pantha Mr. Tikaram Lamichhane In the world today, few of the institutions that are doing front line basic Mr. Rajendra Prasad Koirala science research are LSC, LIGO, CERN, ITER, NASA, ESA etc. Dr. Sanju Shreshtha Universities around the world are also putting up their efforts. As large Mr. Hari Shankar Mallik experiments cost a lot of money and minds, it is common today, for many Mr. Pramod Kumar Thakur countries and institutions to collaborate together for a scientific project. ITER is a collaboration of 35 nations to build a large fusion device. CERN has 21 member states and many other associate member, observers, non- members with co-operation agreement, etc. It is running world‘s largest Publication Committee particle accelerator. It may not be feasible to dream of such large Mr. Iswar Koirala experiment being done in our country but we can collaborate with others Mr. Tika Ram Lamichanne Dr. Sanju Shrestha and make way for our students and researchers to be a part of those big experiments. While the whole country is lagging behind in science and technology, the participation of women in higher education in science is poor too. Editorial Board Throughout the world, the situation is similar in a sense that presence of Apsara Sharma Dhakal woman is negligible in the field of scientific research, especially in physics. Chhabindra Gautam We will read about Emmy Noether in this issue of symmetry whose life Ek Narayan Paudel story proves that women are also strongly capable of giving their Phadindra Wagle contribution to the Scientific community whenever they get a chance even Sujan Shrestha when deprived of due recognition. Women participation in Science should be encouraged. It is a shame if they have to endure any kind of sexual intimidation in lab, University or any other workplace that is generally full Publisher of men. ©Central Department of Physics, ―Symmetry‖, as an annual magazine of CDP, was first published in Tribhuvan University 2005. It is quite a milestone that we have reached 10th volume. It has been Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 01-4331054 100 years since Noether proved her theorem on symmetry and conservation Email: [email protected] law called Noether theorem in 1915. This theorem is very important to Website: www.tucdp.edu.np understand the symmetry inherent in the nature. We are celebrating this milestone of hers‘ in this volume of Symmetry. We thank all the women who contributed towards the society as a physicist, or mathematician, or from any other profession and were hardly given the appreciation they Print deserved. We hope this magazine will motivate all, especially women towards physics. th The publication of 10 volume of Symmetry has been possible with the tireless effort from Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal, HOD of CDP, along with all Indivisual Price: Rs. 500/- the members of Symmetry Publishing Committee. We are similarly Institutional Price: Rs. 1000/- thankful to all faculty members for their encouragement and valuable suggestions. We also thank all students, staffs for their help and all the writers who provided their valuable articles to us. Symmetry X (2016) 3 Contents 1. Physics Curriculum at Tribhuvan University: Present and Future Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal 4 2. Computational Physics Course at CDP, TU Prof. Dr. Narayan Prasad Adhikari 8 3. Ionosphere and its Influence in Communication System Dr. Narayan Prasad Chapagain 10 4. Hydrogen as an Alternative to Fossil Fuel Dr. Rajendra Parajuli 13 5. Experimental Setup for a Two-bit Flash A/D Dr. Hari Prasad Lamichanne 15 6. What is Polytropes? Why it is Important for …………. Mr. Ajay Kumar Jha 17 7. Mathematical Formulation of Stress Tensor Mr. Tika Ram Lamichanne 20 8. How Physics Works in Biology Mr. Rajendra Prasad Koirala 22 9. Experimental Setup for Seeded-Arc Plasma at CDP, TU Mr. Ghanshyam Thakur et al. 25 10. Use of Interactive Sky Atlas Aladin-v2.5 to Study the ………. Mr. Bhanu Bhakta Sapkota 27 11. 2-Bit Magnitude Digital Comparator Mr. Hari Shankar Mallik 30 12. Higher Studies in Physics Dr. Leela Pradhan 32 13. Emmy Amalie Noether: A Brief Story Apsara Sharma Dhakal 33 14. Noether‘s Theorem Editorial Board 35 15. Einstein Writes about Emmy……………. Editorial Board 38 16. Hermann Weyl's speech at Emmy Noether's Funeral Editorial Board 39 17. Cryptography: Classical Versus Quantum Phadindra Wagle 41 18. Geometry of Gauge Theories and Symmetry Breaking Bishnu Prasad Bhusal 43 19. Optimization of a Search for Pair Produced Vector-like ……… Santosh Parajuli et al. 46 20. Perturbed Infinite Quantum Potential-Well: Eigenstates ……… Prakash Raj Sharma 49 21. Laniakea: Our home Supercluster Ek Narayan Paudel 52 22. 2070 Batch Topper Mr. Sabin Regmi: An Interview Interview 54 23. ICTP Post Doc Fellow Dr. Elisa Fratini: An Interview Interview 56 24. Experiences: 2071 & 2072 Entrance Toppers Sanjay & Puspa Interview 58 25. An Encounter with Prof. Dr. Mukunda Mani Aryal Interview 59 26. Time Reversal Symmetry in Superconductor and its ………… Roshan Giri 65 27. Biochemical technique in photosynthesis Nabin Kumar Raut 67 28. Solar Neutrino Problem has been Solved Ashok Shrestha 70 29. Numerical Study of Finite Potential Well Yadav Prasad Kandel 72 30. Physics in War and Heisenberg Controversy Ramesh Dhakal 75 31. The Invisible Universe Sunil Lamichhane 78 32. Prediction and Detection of Gravitational Radiation Pradip Sharma 80 33. Einstein Quantum Debate to Black Hole entropy R. K. Pradhan 82 34. Radiation Exposure Complexities Deepak Ghimire 84 35. Cosmic Rulers Dr. Sanjaya Paudel 86 36. Symmetry Chhabindra Gautam 88 37. The Game of Simultaneity: Light Cones in GTR vs STR Necklace Devkota 90 38. CDP Activities: 100 Year of General Theory of Relativity News 92 39. CDP Activities: Masterclass on Expt. Particle Physics News 93 40. CDP Activities: Symposium on Plasma Physics & …… News 94 41. CDP Activities: Training on Computational Physics……... News 95 42. CDP Activities: B.Sc. IV Year Faculty Orientation Program News 96 43. CDP Activities: B.Sc. IV Lab Orientation Program News 97 44. CDP Activities: M.Sc. 2nd & 3rd Semester Orientation News 98 45. List of Our Graduates Leaving for USA for Further Study News 99 46. Faculty & Staff Profile 100 47. Student Profile 107 48. Photo Gallery 115 Symmetry X (2016) 4 Physics Curriculum at Tribhuvan University: Present and Future Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal HOD, Central Department of Physics, TU ABSTRACT A brief history and development of Physics curriculum will be presented. An overview of existing physics curriculum of B.Sc. (Four Year Annual System) and M.Sc. (Two Year Semester System) level will be discussed. There is possibility of improvements at both levels. A conclusion with a recommendation for the future will be presented. Physics Curriculum Development School Level Physics Content As physics major, students first develop a strong During April 2016, I was invited by the Ministry background in mathematics and the fundamentals of of Education in a discussion program with government physics. Later, they will tackle advanced-level physics school physics teachers. Teacher raised many questions courses in such challenging fields as optics, regarding the physics content of class 9 and 10. After thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, theoretical going into the details of the content, I found that there mechanics, electrodynamics, and solid state physics. In many mis-conceptions in the books. As an example, the the junior or senior years, students will gain practical ‗weightlessness‘ described in the school text book was experience as you work with a faculty member to incomplete and the interpretation was wrong. We noticed develop and complete a physics research project. The many such cases in the curriculum. physics major at the undergraduate course offers two At the secondary school level (class 8 to 10), a options: General Physics and Computational Physics. strong motivation is needed in the curriculum. In The general physics is designed for students who want to addition, such motivation should be connected with the pursue graduate work in physics or a related field.