2 Useful Astrobiological Data 2.1 Physical and Chemical Data 1. International System Units Name Symbol Basic units Length Metre m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s Electric current Ampere A Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K Amount of substance Mole mol Luminous intensity Candela cd Additional units Plane angle Radian rad Solid angle Steradian sr Derived units Energy Joule J m2 kg s−2 ≡ Nm Force Newton N mkgs−2 ≡ Jm−1 Pressure Pascal Pa m−1 kg s−2 ≡ Nm−2 Electrical charge Coulomb C s A Magnetic flux Weber Wb m2 kg s−2 A−1 Magnetic flux density Tesla T kg s−2 A−1 ≡ Vsm−2 Magnetic field strength A m−1 Inductance Henry H m2 kg s−2 A−2 Power Watt W m2 kg s−2 ≡ Js−1 Electric potential difference Volt V m2 kg s−3 A ≡ JC−1 Frequency Hertz Hz s−1 M. Gargaud et al. (Ed.): Lectures in Atrobiology, Vol. I, pp. 697–792 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 698 2 Useful Astrobiological Data 2. Other Units Name Symbol Length Fermi fm 10−15 m Angstrom A1˚ 0−10 m Micron µm10−6 m Time Minute min, mn 60s Hour h 3600 s Day d 86 400s Year a, y 3.156 × 107 s Volume Litre l 10−3 m3 ≡ 1dm3 Mass Ton t 103 kg Temperature Degree Celsius ◦C Temperature comparison: 0 ◦C = 273.15 K = 32 ◦F 100 ◦C = 373.15 K = 212 ◦F Temperature scale: K=◦C=1.8 ◦F Force Dyne (cgs system) dyn 10−5 N Energy Erg (cgs system) erg 10−7 J Calorie cal 4.184 J Electron-volt eV 1.6 × 10−19 J Kilowatt-hour 3600 × 103 J= 8.6042 × 105 cal Pressure Bar bar 105 Pa Atmosphere atm 1.01325 × 105 Pa mercury mm torr 1.3332 × 102 Pa Magnetic Gauss gauss 10−4 T flux density Concentration Molarity M mol l−1 Molar mass g/mol Angle Degree ◦ 1◦ = π/180 =1.74 × 10−2 rad Minute 1 = π/10 800 =2.91 × 10−4 rad Second 1 = π/648 000 =4.85 × 10−6 rad 1Radian = 57.296 ◦ =3.44 × 103 =2.06 × 105 2.1 Physical and Chemical Data 699 3. International System Prefixes 10−1 deci d 101 deca da 10−2 centi c 102 hecto h 10−3 milli m 103 kilo k 10−6 micro µ 106 mega M 10−9 nano n 109 giga G 10−12 pico p 1012 tera T 10−15 femto f 1015 peta P 10−18 atto a 1018 exa E 10−21 zepto z 1021 zetta Z 10−24 yocto y 1024 yotta Y 4. Fundamental Physical Constants Newtonian constant of gravitation G 6.67259(85) × 10−11 Nm2 kg−2 Acceleration of free fall on Earth g 9.80665 ms−1 Speed of light in vacuum c 2.99792458 × 108 ms−1 Planck constant h 6.6260755(40) × 10−34 Js Planck mass (hc/2πG)1/2 2.17671(14) × 10−8 kg Planck length (hG/2πc3)1/2 1.61605(10) × 10−35 m Planck time (hG/2πc5)1/2 5.39056(34) × 10−44 s Boltzmann constant k 1.380658(12) × 10−23 JK−1 Black body constant a 7.564 × 10−16 Jm−3 K−4 Stefan Boltzmann constant σ 5.67051(19) × 10−8 Wm−2 K−4 Perfect gas constant R 8.314510(70) J K−1mol−1 Elementary charge e 1.602176462(63) × 10−19 C −31 Electron rest mass me 9.1093897(54) × 10 kg −27 Proton rest mass mp 1.6726231(10) × 10 kg −27 Neutron rest mass mn 1.6749286(10) × 10 kg Proton/electron mass ratio 1836.152701(37) Hydrogen atomic mass 1.6735344 × 10−27 kg 2 6 Electron rest mass energy mec 0.511 × 10 eV equivalent (eV) 700 2 Useful Astrobiological Data (continued) Atomic mass unit u 1.6605402(10) × 10−27 kg ≡ 1/12 of 12Cmass Avogadro constant N 6.0221367(36) × 1023 mol−1 2 Vacuum permittivity constant 1/(µ0c )8.854187817× 10−12m−3 kg−1 s4 A2 −7 −2 −2 Vacuum permeability constant µ0 4π10 mkgs A Ice melting temperature 0 ◦C 273.150 K (P =1atm) Water triple point (H2O) T = 273.160 K, P = 611.73 Pa (6.11 mbar) −10 Bohr radius a0 0.529177249(24) × 10 m Electron volt-energy relationship 1eV = 1.60217733(49) × 10−19 J Electron volt-wavelength 1eV = 12 398.428 × 10−10 m relationship Electron volt-frequency 1eV = 2.41798836(72) × 1014 s−1 relationship Electron volt-temperature 1eV = 11 604.45 K relationship 2.1 Physical and Chemical Data 701 5. Other Physical, Chemical and Astronomical Symbols and Abbreviations c Mass concentration Light speed Ea Activation energy k Reaction rate R “Rectus” configuration (chirality) S “Sinister” configuration (chirality) L,D Old nomenclature still used to define the absolute configuration of oses and amino acids δ Chemical shift (RMN) Fractional charge λ Wavelength µ Dipolar moment Micron Reduced mass ν Frequency [] Concentration(mol1−1) Chemical equilibrium ↔ Mesomery UV Ultraviolet IR Infrared NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance a Ellipse semi great axis e Ellipse eccentricity i Inclination PSR Pulsar QSO Quasar γ Photon v Neutrino a Sun c Mercury d Venus ⊕ Earth e Mars f Jupiter g Saturn h Uranus i Neptune j Pluto References: Allen’s: Astrophysical quantities,ArthurN.CoxEditor, (2000); Introduction aux ´eph´em´erides astronomiques, EDP Sciences, (1998); Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, D.R. Lide, editor-in-Chief 82nd Edition (2001–2002) CRC Press. 702 2 Useful Astrobiological Data 6. Periodic Table of Elements 2.1 Physical and Chemical Data 703 704 2 Useful Astrobiological Data 2.2 Astrophysical Data 1. Units and General Data Distance units Astronomical unit (AU) 1.4959787066 × 1011 m 1parsec (pc) 206 264.8au 3.0856776 × 1016 m 3.2615638 light-years 1 light-year 9.460730 × 1015 m 6.324 × 104 AU Time units 1 sideral day 23 h 56mn 04.098 s (average time) 1 tropic year 365.2422 average solar days 1 sideral year 365.2564 average solar days Known universe Number of nucleons ∼1080 Universe radius ∼1026 m Number of galaxies ∼1011 Nebula recession speed ∼3 × 10−18 s−1(∼ 100(km/s)/Mpc) Our galaxy Number of stars ∼1.6 × 1011 Diameter ∼1021 m Mass ∼8 × 1041 kg Sun Radius 6.95508 × 108 m Mass 1.9891 × 1030 kg Sun luminosity 3.845(8) × 1026 W Core temperature 1.557 × 107 K Core pressure 2.334 × 1016 Pa 2.2 Astrophysical Data 705 (continued) Photosphere temperature 5780 K Corona temperature 2 to 3 × 106 K Average mass density 1.41 × 103 kg m−3 Earth/Moon Earth’s mass 5.9742 × 1024 kg Moon’s mass 7.34 × 1022 kg Earth’s average radius 6371.23 × 103 m Earth’s equatorial radius 6378.136 × 103 m Earth–Moon distance (semi-major axis) 3.844 × 108 m Earth–Sun distance (semi-major axis) 1.496 × 1011 m 2. Compared Planetology Object Semi major axis Revolution Eccentricity of the orbit1 period (e) (d: day, yr: year, terrestrial) AU Million km Mercury c 0.3871 57.9092 87.969 d 0.2056 Venus d 0.7233 108.2089 224.701 d 0.0068 Earth ⊕ 1.0000 149.65979 365.2564 d 0.0167 Moon 2.570 × 10−3 0.3844 27.3217 d 0.0549 Mars e 1.5234 227.9364 686.98 d 0.0934 Jupiter f 5.2034 778.4120 11.862 yr 0.0484 Europe 4.4851 × 10−3 0.671 3.551181 d 0.009 Saturn g 9.5371 1426.7254 29.457 yr 0.0542 Titan 8.167 × 10−3 1.2218 15.945 d 0.0291 Uranus h 19.1913 2870.9722 84.019 yr 0.0472 Neptune i 30.0690 4498.2529 164.767 yr 0.0086 Pluto j 39.4817 5906.3762 247.688 yr 0.2488 1 around the Sun or, in the case of satellites, around their planet 706 2 Useful Astrobiological Data Object Equatorial Mass Average Surface Surface es- radius km ⊕ = 1 density gravity1 cape velo- gcm−3 ms−2 city1 km s−1 Sun a 695 508 332 946.0 1.41 274.0 617.5 Mercury c 2439.7 0.0553 5.43 3.72 4.25 Venus d 6051.8 0.8150 5.24 8.87 10.36 Earth ⊕ 6378.136 1.000 5.515 9.81 11.18 Moon 1737.4 0.012300 3.34 1.62 2.38 Mars e 3397 0.1074 3.94 3.71 5.02 Jupiter f 71 492 317.82 1.33 23.12 59.54 Europe 1565 0.008026 3.04 1.8 2.0 Saturn g 60 268 95.161 0.70 8.96 35.49 Titan 2575 0.02226 1.90 0.14 2.7 Uranus h 25 559 14.371 1.30 8.69 21.29 Neptune i 24 764 17.147 1.76 11.0 23.71 Pluto j 1737.4 0.0022 1.1 0.81 1.27 1 or at P = 1 bar for gaseous planets Object Mean Visual Sideral rotation obliquity geometric peroid (degree) Albedo (d:day, h; hour) Sun a –25.7d Mercury c 0.0 0.11 58.6462 d Venus d 177.3 0.65 243.0185 d 1 Earth ⊕ 23.45 0.37 23.9345 h Moon 6.683 0.12 27.3217 d Mars e 25.19 0.15 24.6230 h Jupiter f 3.12 0.52 9.9249 h Europe − 0.67 2.5512 d Saturn g 26.73 0.47 10.6562 h Titan − 0.22 15.9454 h Uranus h 97.86 0.51 17.2400 h 1 Neptune i 29.58 0.51 16.1100 h Pluto j 119.61 0.3 153.29 h 1 1 retrograde rotation 3.