Significant About the authors How did the nation of New Zealand develop? events that About the McGuinness Institute How can we shape its development in the future? NATION have shaped Wendy McGuinness is the founder and chief executive Nation Dates presents a timeline of significant events that the nation of The McGuinness Institute is a privately funded, non- of the McGuinness Institute (formerly the Sustainable have shaped New Zealand as a nation. Historical ‘threads’ partisan think tank working to ensure a sustainable future Future Institute), which she established in 2004 as a way of link related events and illustrate patterns that have DATES New Zealand for New Zealand. Through evidence-based research and contributing to New Zealand’s long-term future. Originally formed over time. More than just a record of the past, policy analysis we contribute strategic foresight, as well from the King Country, Wendy trained as an accountant, Nation Dates provides invaluable context for the future at as encouraging the development of strategic and future gaining a BCom from the University of Auckland and an MBA a time when our society is facing major questions about thinking throughout New Zealand society. from Otago University. She has worked in both the public the way forward. and private sectors as a Fellow Chartered Accountant The Institute provides an independent voice, and is active (FCA), specialising in risk management. In her role with ‘Anyone who wants to shape Aotearoa New Zealand’s in fostering conversations about the long-term impact of the Institute she is a regular contributor to international future must start with our past. This book looks back current and future decisions, in particular encouraging conferences on future thinking, attending the International over 242 years of our nation’s history, and it is my hope young people to become engaged with the future of New Conference on Strategic Foresight in National Government that it inspires New Zealanders to think about our long- Zealand and to have their say. The Institute facilitates in South Korea in December 2011 and the World Innovation term future.’ – Professor Sir Mason Durie educational and awareness-raising workshops on issues Summit for Education in Doha in November 2012. She of national significance, and encourages participants to ‘This meticulously researched book embodies the has also been instrumental in bringing respected future share their experiences in ways that contribute to their commitment and passion of Wendy McGuinness’ thinkers such as Professor Peter Bishop to New Zealand to own communities. share their knowledge. In recent years Wendy has focused work through the McGuinness Institute. Nation Dates includes events of real significance to New Zealand’s on creating a place in which young New Zealanders can We believe that understanding our history is key to past and will become a key text for libraries, schools, become engaged in the future, through initiatives such engaging with our future – the content of Nation Dates has universities and anyone with an interest in this country’s as StrategyNZ: Mapping Our Future (2011), EmpowerNZ: evolved from our research into our past. The first edition past and future.’ – Dame Dr Claudia Orange Drafting a Constitution for the 21st Century (2012) and was published on 6 September 2011 to commemorate LongTermNZ: Drafting a Youth Statement on the Long-term ‘There is a critical need to evoke a deep sense of history the passing of the British Nationality and New Zealand Fiscal Position (2012). This has meant bringing together if we are to plan for our constitutional future. Nation Citizenship Act 1948. many wise and generous New Zealanders to share their Dates is a commendable attempt to supply that need. insights with the new generation: people such as Dame Dr A people’s shared sense of history indelibly shapes its For more information on the Institute’s work and future Claudia Orange, the Hon. Jim McLay and the late Professor optimism and hope for the future.’ – Professor Philip Joseph events see www.mcguinnessinstitute.org Sir Paul Callaghan. Miriam White has worked for the McGuinness Institute since ISBN 978-1-972193-03-7 2006, contributing to a number of the Institute’s research 2nd ed. programmes and reports. In 2008 Miriam completed a Bachelor of Design (Honours) at Massey University SECOND EDITION in Wellington. Miriam brings a young perspective to our www.nationdates.org mcg journey into New Zealand’s past. MCGUINNESS INSTITUTE 9 781972 193037 publishing WENDY MCGUINNESS & MIRIAM WHITE NATION DATESSignificant events that have shaped the nation of New Zealand mcg publishing The McGuinness Institute has used reasonable care in collecting and presenting the information provided in this publication. However, the Institute makes no representation or endorsement that this resource will be relevant or appropriate for its readers’ purposes and does not guarantee the accuracy of the information at any particular time for any particular purpose. The Institute is not liable for any adverse consequences, whether they be direct or indirect, arising from reliance on the content of this publication. Where this publication refers to links to any website or other source, such links are provided solely for information purposes and the Institute is not liable for the content of such website or other source. This publication has been produced by companies applying sustainable practices within their businesses. The book is printed on 9lives uncoated paper, which is from 100% FSC recycled post-consumer waste. Manufactured under the environmental management system ISO 14001, the pulp is Totally Chlorine- Free (TCF). The cover is printed on 230 gsm splendorgel. First published 6 September 2011, to commemorate the passing of the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948. Second edition published 2012. Text © McGuinness Institute, 2012 McGuinness Institute Level 2, 5 Cable St, Wellington, New Zealand www.mcguinnessinstitute.org The McGuinness Institute is grateful for the work of Creative Commons which inspired our approach to copyright. This work is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 3.0 New Zealand Licence. To view a copy of this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/nz Photos and other images are exempt from the Creative Commons licence and may not be reproduced without express permission from the individual copyright holders. Neither the Coat of Arms of New Zealand 1956 nor the Mäori (tino rangatiratanga) flag may be used in any way which infringes any provision of the Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981. ISBN 978 1 972193 03 7 Some rights reserved Authors: Wendy McGuinness and Miriam White Copy editor: Susan Brierley Text design: Miriam White Cover design: Angus McBryde Printed in New Zealand by Pivotal Print Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 1 Timeline ...............................................................................................................7 2 Heads of State ......................................................................................158 3 Governors and Governors-General ..................................160 4 Premiers and Prime Ministers .............................................163 5 Political Parties .......................................................................................166 6 Royal Commissions �������������������������������������������������������������������������170 7 Referenda ...................................................................................................177 8 Treaty Settlements ...............................................................................178 9 Peace Support Operations.......................................................184 10 Historical Threads ..............................................................................189 11 The Last Word ........................................................................................219 Abbreviations .....................................................................................................222 Images and Quotations .........................................................................225 Index .............................................................................................................................229 Notes ............................................................................................................................244 Acknowledgements Many people have provided invaluable assistance in the preparation of this book – too many to name here. We are grateful to all these people, and in particular Dame Dr Claudia Orange, Dr Felicity Barnes, Professor Sir Mason Durie, and Professor Philip Joseph. We have found the Ministry for Culture and Heritage and its NZHistory and Te Ara websites invaluable resources in researching this book. Wherever possible we have used these sources as a way to show support for the work of the Ministry, which has kept such an exemplary record of our history. Other resources deserving special mention include Paul Goldsmith’s We Won, You Lost. Eat That!, Paul Moon’s New Zealand Birth Certificates and Professor M.P.K. Sorrenson’s History of Maori Representation in Parliament. We would also