Ebook code: REAU5043 About Ready-Ed Publications Ready-Ed Publications was established in 1984 with the purpose of creating practical classroom blackline master activities. At the time, the role of the Ready-Ed teacher was becoming ever more diverse with an increasing range of duties and Publications responsibilities within the school and school community. Since then, the role of the teacher has continued to evolve with an escalating range of tasks and obligations, ensuring a reduction in time available to prepare work for the daily instructional program. Throughout these past 24 years, Ready-Ed Publications has built a reputation as publishers of Australian made, high quality, innovative, timesaving materials for teachers of primary and lower secondary levels. In addition, all materials are based on state or national curriculum guidelines or specific age-related interest areas and subjects. Ready-Ed Publications aims to assist busy professionals by making available contemporary classroom materials that contain relevant and stimulating work to support the requirements of the curriculum. Bridges © 2009 Ready-Ed Publications Printed in Australia Author: David Holmsen Cover image: Clip art images have been obtained from Microsoft Design Gallery Live and are used under the terms of the End User License Agreement for Microsoft Word 2000. Please refer to www.microsoft.com/permission. Acknowledgements i. I-stock Photos. ii. Clip art images have been obtained from Microsoft Design Gallery Live and are used under the terms of the End User License Agreement for Microsoft Word 2000. Please refer to www.microsoft.com/permission. iii. Corel Corporation collection, 1600 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Z 8R7. iv. Wikimedia Commons. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. Published by: Ready-Ed Publications PO Box 276 Greenwood WA 6024 www.readyed.com.au [email protected] ISBN: 978 1 86397 775 3 COPYRIGHT NOTICE Permission is granted for the purchaser to photocopy sufficient copies for non- commercial educational purposes. However, this permission is not transferable and applies only to the purchasing individual or institution. 2 Contents Tell Me About Bridges 1 6 How Bridges are Made Safe 1 26 Tell Me About Bridges 2 7 How Bridges are Made Safe 2 27 Tell Me About Bridges 3 8 How Bridges are Made Safe 3 28 Tell Me About Bridges 4 9 Geronimo! 1 29 Claim to Fame 1 10 Geronimo! 2 30 Claim to Fame 2 11 Geronimo! 3 31 Claim to Fame 3 12 Famous Bridge Mishaps and Collapses 1 32 Stronger Bridges 13 Famous Bridge Mishaps and Collapses 2 33 Famous Bridge Mishaps and Collapses 3 34 The Four Bridge Designs 1 14 The Four Bridge Designs 2 15 Opening a Bridge 35 It’s Opening Day 36 Beam Bridge 1 16 Beam Bridge 2 17 Bridges in Film 37 Bridges in Film 38 The Arch Bridge 1 18 Bridges in Song 39 The Arch Bridge 2 19 Bridges in Tales and Rhymes 40 The Arch Bridge 3 20 Bridge Activities 41 The Suspension Bridge 1 21 The Suspension Bridge 2 22 Answers 47 For the Teacher - Lessons in Suspension 23 The Cable-Stayed Bridge 1 24 The Cable-Stayed Bridge 2 25 3 Teachers’ Notes Bridges is written primarily for teachers of Students are encouraged to test their own Design and Technology, but it can also be used engineering skills by making their own bridges in English and Information Technology lessons. from a number of materials for a range of It can be taught to Years 5, 6, 7 and 8, as the purposes. activities can be easily adapted to suit different age groups. They are also encouraged to explore how bridges have played a main role in popular This book explores how engineers have, over culture because they are so often viewed as time, planned, designed and constructed a strong symbols and metaphors. range of bridges and learned from their mistakes and discoveries. It looks at the first and most More bridge activities are provided at the back recent bridges and examines the materials of the book and can be used for early finishers or that have been tried and tested over the years. to extend more able students. This book will help students appreciate why bridges stay up as well as understand why they sometimes tragically fall down. Curriculum Links • WA (Technology and Enterprise) • NSW (Design and Technology) Materials (2) Knowledge and understanding of design Enterprise (5) concepts and processes (1) Technology Skills (6) Understanding and appreciation of the impact of past, current and emerging • VIC (Design, Creativity and Technology) technologies on the individual, society and Investigating and Designing - Levels 4 & 5 environment (2) Producing - Levels 4 & 5 Knowledge and understanding of skills in managing resources and producing quality • ACT (Technology) design solutions. (6) ELA 25 - The student designs, makes and appraises using technology. 25.EA.1, 25.EA.5, • SA (Design and Technology) 25.EA.8 Making – 3.5, 4.5 • TAS (Vocational and Applied Learning) • Q/LAND (Technology) Innovation and Design – Standards 3 & 4 Technology Practice - Levels 4 & 5 • NT (Design and Technology) Designing – Bands 3 & 4 4 Tell Me About Bridges 1 Listen to the Bridges Bigger, Better Bridges The advancement of bridges has parallelled the advancement and spread of people Deep valleys and vast water around the globe. Bridges have helped millions of people every day go about expanses are becoming worthy their ordinary daily lives. Each bridge has a challenges for engineers who are unique story to tell about the people whose now capable of building longer and lives are linked with its success or failure. bigger bridges than ever before. Bridges tell the stories of the people who have designed, built and used them. They There may come a time when no tell the stories of the people who have distance or object will be enough to damaged and destroyed them. They tell the stop the building of a bridge. stories of the people who have then re- Bridges stand as proof of built, celebrated and strengthened them. humankind’s incredible ingenuity. Research Record Breaker! Research bridges that have broken world records. Look up the longest bridge, the oldest bridge, the widest bridge, the highest bridge, the most expensive bridge, the busiest bridge and the longest main span bridge. Record your findings below. The Longest Bridge: The Oldest Bridge: The Widest Bridge: The Highest Bridge: The Most Expensive Bridge: The Busiest Bridge: The Longest Main Span Bridge: 5 Tell Me About Bridges 2 What Exactly Do Bridges Do? I Declare This A Bridge! Bridges are in every place where people want to cross and are such a natural part A bridge is a structure, either of our every day life that we often take human-made or natural, that allows them for granted. They are born out of a necessity to achieve a more direct, efficient for transportation over a physical route. Generally, we think of bridges obstacle. Although bridges differ in carrying people in cars as they hurry to the way that they look, they have work. However, they serve many other many things in common. Typically, useful purposes, carrying such things as a bridge consists of a deck that is trains, trucks, buses, motorcyclists, push- adequately supported for traffic bikes, pedestrians, power cables, water to pass over. Bridges are readily pipes, telephone cables and livestock. recognisable because of this With continuing urbanisation, bridges purpose, and if they achieve it, we are becoming increasingly important as can declare the object as a bridge. governments seek ways to improve trade links, help us save time and minimise the costs of living. Comprehension Helpful Bridges Answer the questions below. 1. How do bridges improve trade links? _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do bridges save us time? _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do bridges reduce the costs of living? __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Brainstorm What If? What if an important bridge like the Sydney Harbour Bridge or the San Francisco Bridge (or a bridge in your city) was closed for a month? Suggest how people could still safely get from one place to another without the bridge. Have fun and include some more unusual ways – like an air balloon service. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6 Tell Me About Bridges 3 Group Activity How Do Bridges Work? Lean On Me 1 A bridge can be as simple as a log or Get organised into groups of as sophisticated as the engineering three. Two members of the marvel of the world’s highest road group should stand facing bridge over the Tarn Valley in France. each other and grasp each For any bridge to work successfully, other’s forearms, then gently no matter what its size, it must be lean back. The third member able to deal with two competing of the group should place a forces; compression and tension. book where the arms meet. Tension Compression shortens the things The book represents a load on a bridge and it acts on, while tension acts in the will cause the arms to stretch a little further opposite way; it expands the things apart. This is tension. it acts on. These forces appear every time someone or something (even Lean On Me 2 wind or water) come in to contact To demonstrate with a bridge. The design of a bridge compression, have will try to spread or transfer these two members of the forces in different ways.