United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research AWIC Special Reference Brief: Service National Agricultural Library Swine Anesthesia and Animal Welfare Information Center Analgesia, 2000-2010 Photo courtesy USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Image Gallery SRB 11-01 February 2011 United States Department of Agriculture AWIC Special Reference Brief : Agricultural Research Service Swine Anesthesia and National Agricultural Analgesia, 2000-2010 Library Animal Welfare SRB 11-01 Information Center February 2011 Compiled by: Cynthia Smith, M.S. Animal Welfare Information Center National Agricultural Library U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://awic.nal.usda.gov Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Available online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/SwineAnesth.pdf Acknowledgement The author wishes to thank Kristina Adams for her help in the final editing and design of this document. Disclaimers The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) 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About this Document This bibliography updates and revises the Anesthesia chapter in AWIC’s “Information Resources on Swine in Biomedical Resesarch 1990-2000,” AWIC Resource Series No. 11, February 2000 (online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/swine/swine.htm). Citations in this chapter were selected from a variety of medical, agricultural, and biological databases. They include articles primarily from peer reviewed journals, proceedings, and book chapters. Documents were published between the years of 2001 to 2010. Citations that include NAL call numbers may be available at the National Agricultural Library (NAL). Guidelines and information on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Request Library Materials page at http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml. A few citations include a DOI, or Digital Object Identifier. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®) System provides a persistent identification number for a digital document so that it can be found on the internet even if it is moved. For more information on DOI, see http://www.doi.org. This document represents only one chapter in our extensive series on Swine in Biomedical Research. More chapter revisions are currently underway and will be released when completed. It was felt that with the increased depth of coverage on swine and the importance of this large model, information should be released in chapters as completed and not withheld as a final product. The next chapter will cover the use of swine as cardiovascular models, another important area of current research. Swine Anesthesia and Analgesia (2011) •i ii• AWIC Special Reference Brief, SRB 11-01 Introduction: Anesthesia and Analgesia Selection M. Michael Swindle, DVM, Diplomate ACLAM & ECLAM Professor and Chairman Department of Comparative Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina USA Selection of a proper anesthetic and analgesic regimen for swine used in biomedical research is one of the most important aspects of the experimental procedure. One key issue is ensuring that pain and distress associated with an experimental procedure, such as surgery, is adequately controlled. For example, the use of preemptive analgesia in surgical protocols has been shown to reduce the length of the postoperative recovery and the number of postoperative analgesic administrations that have to be performed in swine. But of equal importance is ensuring that the agents selected do not interfere with the goals of the research. Veterinarians and research personnel should consider the physiologic effects of the anesthetics and analgesics when designing the experimental protocol. An educated team based approach to the design of invasive research projects is a good way to ensure success. Ensuring that the protocol is adequate to control pain and distress and that a research complication does not occur requires knowledge of the effects of these agents within the porcine species. In many cases the effects of these pharmacologic agents will be different in other species when making comparisons. The selection of manuscripts in this section will provide guidance in adhering to these humane and scientific principles. Swine Anesthesia and Analgesia (2011) •iii iv• AWIC Special Reference Brief, SRB 11-01 Anesthesia and Analgesia Aagaard, S., J.R. Larsen, J.S. Berg, E. Sloth, and J.M. Hasenkam (2007). Does the pre-ischaemic admin- istration of sevoflurane reduce myocardial stunning? A porcine experimental model. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 51(5): 577-81. ISSN: 0001-5172. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In a porcine model, the cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane was studied with regard to the preservation of myocardial contractility (myocardial stunning) after a myocardial ischaemic insult. METHODS: Twenty-seven pigs were randomized to receive either a dual 4% sevoflurane inhalation period as a supplement to pentobarbital anaesthesia or pentobar- bital anaesthesia only before a 15-min ischaemic insult on the left anterior descending coronary artery. The ischaemic period was followed by 180 min of reperfusion. Myocardial contractil- ity was assessed by myocardial sonomicrometry. RESULTS: A significant difference was found between the sevoflurane group and the control group at 5 min of reperfusion. However, subse- quently, there was no overall difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane administered as a pre-ischaemic bolus does not provide long-term improvement of the myocardial contractility. However, it can be speculated that sevoflurane may induce an early improvement in contractility. Descriptors: anesthetics, inhalation administration and dosage, methyl ethers administration and dosage, myocardial contraction drug effects, myocardial stunning prevention and control, hypnotics and sedatives administration and dosage, models, animal, monitoring, physiologic, pentobarbital administration and dosage, random allocation, sus scrofa, time factors. Abu Huwaij, R., S. Assaf, M. Salem, and A. Sallam (2007). Potential mucoadhesive dosage form of lidocaine hydrochloride: II. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 33(4): 437-48. ISSN: 0363-9045. Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a controlled release buccal mucoadhesive deliv- ery system for systemic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride as a model drug. In vitro release and buccal permeation as well as in vivo permeation of LDHCL patches were evaluated. The drug release and the permeability of the drug through porcine buccal mucosa were evaluated using Franz diffusion cell. In vivo evaluation of patches was carried out on rabbits as an animal model. Patches were designed in two fashions, bi-layer (BLP; LDHCL, carbopol, glycerin, pentration enhancer, and Tween 20 as the first layer; and EVA as the second layer) and triple layer (TLP; LDHCL, carbopol and glycerin as the first layer; carbopol, glycerin, pentration enhancer and pluronic F-127 as the middle layer; and EVA as the third layer) patches, respectively. Presence of oleic acid as PE in the formulation significantly enhanced the in vitro permeability of LDHCL (p<0.05), while propylene glycol monolaurate as PE suppressed it (p<0.05). The in vivo evalua- tion in rabbits showed that TLP had significantly higher Cmax and AUC0-8 (p<0.05) than BLP. Furthermore, TLP showed a well-controlled drug plasma concentration over 6 hr which was sig- nificantly longer than BLP (p<0.05). Patches were well adhered to buccal mucosa of the rabbits over the 8-hr study period. It was postulated that the hypothetical release mechanism of the drug and oleic acid from TLP was controlled by their diffusion through the swollen polymer network and micelled gel. Descriptors: anesthetics, local pharmacokinetics, drug carriers chemistry, excipients chemistry, lidocaine pharmacokinetics, mouth mucosa drug effects, acrylates, adhesiveness, administration, buccal, anesthetics, local chemistry, area under curve, biological availability, delayed action prepa- rations, diffusion,