The role of urban areas in regional development – European and Nordic perspectives Proceedings of the Nordic Working Group on Cities and Regions NORDREGIO WORKING PAPER 2006:4 The role of urban areas in regional development – European and Nordic perspectives Proceedings of the Nordic Working Group on Cities and Regions The role of urban areas in regional development – European and Nordic perspectives Proceedings of the Nordic Working Group on Cities and Regions NORDREGIO 2006 Nordregio Working Paper 2006:4 ISSN 1403-2511 Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.se www.norden.se Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians form the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. Stockholm, Sweden 2006 Table of contents Preface .................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................ 2 PART ONE: TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF THE NORDIC URBAN SYSTEM 1.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORDIC SETTLEMENT SYSTEM .......................... 8 1.1 Varying Nordic categorisations of cities........................................................................ 14 1.2 Towards a common Nordic urban typology .................................................................. 17 1.3 Structures and changes in the Nordic urban system ...................................................... 21 1.3.1 Demographic imbalances............................................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Polarisation of the population ........................................................................................ 23 1.3.3 Spatial re-organisation of the Nordic labour market...................................................... 30 PART TWO: STATUS OF CURRENT NORDIC URBAN POLICIES 2.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 36 2.1 Responsible authorities for regional and urban development........................................ 37 2.2 Policies for metropolitan areas....................................................................................... 40 2.3 Policies for major urban areas........................................................................................ 45 2.4 Policies for small and medium-sized urban areas.......................................................... 47 2.5 Interaction between regional development strategies and physical planning – a short overview...................................................... 50 2.5.1 Challenges for the future................................................................................................ 53 2.6 Networking related to spatial planning and economic development as well as networking for innovation....................................... 55 2.6.1 Networking policies related to spatial planning and economic development................ 55 2.6.2 Networking policies related to innovation..................................................................... 57 2.6.3 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 59 PART THREE: THE EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE 3.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 62 3.1 The ESDP and ESPON I............................................................................................................ 62 3.2 Lisbon Agenda ........................................................................................................................... 63 3.3 The Rotterdam Process - Territorial Agenda ............................................................................. 64 3.4 ESPON II .................................................................................................................................. 65 3.5 European Impact ........................................................................................................................ 66 3.6 Nordic Impact ............................................................................................................................ 67 PART FOUR: CROSS ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.0 CROSS ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 71 Recommendations for policy and research ...................................................................................... 74 Policy Recommendations........................................................................................................... 75 Competence and knowledge ...................................................................................................... 76 Actions .................................................................................................................................. 76 Annexes .................................................................................................................................. 78 List of figures Figure 1: The Nordic settlement system in the BSR and in Europe ....................................................8 Figure 2: Population density in Nordic LLM and localities >5 000 inhabitants................................11 Figure 3: Variations of local settlement structures around three Nordic cities..................................14 Figure 4: Examples of Nordic national definitions of cities and urban regions ................................16 Figure 5: A typology of Nordic Local Labour Markets with over 25 000 inhabitants......................18 Figure 6: Share of national population by type of city ......................................................................19 Figure 7: Share of population in crude age groups 2005 by Nordic city types..................................22 Figure 8: Young and old age demographic dependency ratios 2005 by Nordic city type.................22 Figure 9: Population change 2000-2006 in Nordic city types ...........................................................24 Figure 10: Net migration and natural population change 2000-2005 by Nordic city type ................24 Figure 11: Absolute population change in Nordic cities 2000-2005 .................................................25 Figure 12: Net migration in Nordic cities 2000-2005........................................................................27 Figure 13: Immigration to Nordic cities 2004-2005 ..........................................................................29 Figure 14: Employment rate 2004 by Nordic city type .....................................................................31 Figure 15: Employment changes 2000-02 and 2003-04 in Nordic cities ..........................................32 Figure 16: Employment changes 2000-02 and 2003-04 by Nordic city type ....................................34 List of tables Table 1: Basic indicators of the Nordic settlement structure.............................................................12 Table 2: Ten Nordic cities with highest and lowest net migration rates (% p.a.) 2000-2005............26 Table 3: Cities’ contribution to the European economy 1995 and 2000 ...........................................30 List of annexes Annex 1: Map on localities >5 000 inhabitants by population size and LLM...................................79 Annex 2: Map on share of population aged 0-14 years in Nordic cities 2005...................................80 Annex 3: Map on share of population aged 65 years or over in Nordic cities 2005..........................81 Annex 4: Map on natural population change in Nordic cities 2000-2005.........................................82 Annex 5: Map on total population change in Nordic cities 2000-2005.............................................83 Annex 6: Map on absolute number of international immigrants to Nordic cities 2004-2005 ...........84 Annex 7: Table on demographic structures of Nordic cities 2005 ....................................................85 Annex 8: Table on population changes by type in Nordic cities 2000-2005.....................................88 Annex 9: Table on employment indicators for Nordic cities 200-2004 ............................................91 Annex 10: Criteria for the common Nordic urban typology..............................................................94 Annex 11: Table on city names and population.................................................................................99 Preface This working paper is the outcome of a Nordic working group established by NÄRP (Nordic Committee of Senior Officials for Regional Policy) in 2005. The members of the working