DRAFT PROJECT 1.1 – TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT FOR BIOMASS POWER GENERATION – UC DAVIS TASK 1.1.1 DRAFT FINAL REPORT SMUD ReGEN PROGRAM, CONTRACT # 500-00-034 October, 2004 UC Davis Project Manager: Rob Williams (530) 752-6623 SMUD Project Manager: Bruce Vincent (916) 732-5397 1 Prepared by; Robert B. Williams Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of California Davis, CA 95616 Acknowledgments: The author wishes to acknowledge a contribution by Dara Salour on descriptions of dairy anaerobic digester systems. The support of the Sacramento Municipal Utilities District and the California Energy Commission is also gratefully acknowledged. i 5/3/2005 Table of Contents Acknowledgments:............................................................................................................. i List of Figures.................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary.......................................................................................................viii Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 Biomass Power in the US.................................................................................................. 1 California........................................................................................................................... 1 Biomass Resource assessment for the Sacramento Region........................................... 5 MSW............................................................................................................................... 7 Agricultural................................................................................................................... 14 Cultivation in Region................................................................................................ 14 Crop Residues ........................................................................................................... 14 Field and Seed Crops ............................................................................................ 14 Orchard and Vineyard........................................................................................... 16 Animal Residues (manure) ....................................................................................... 21 Biosolids-Water Treatment Plants ................................................................................ 26 Forest Biomass.............................................................................................................. 28 Resource Summary ....................................................................................................... 30 Conversion of Biomass ................................................................................................... 32 Thermochemical conversion processes include:........................................................... 32 Biochemical conversion processes include:.................................................................. 33 Physicochemical conversion......................................................................................... 34 Advanced Biomass Power Systems................................................................................ 34 Overall electrical efficiency.......................................................................................... 36 Biomass Cofiring with Fossil Fuels ........................................................................... 39 Solid Fuel Cofiring ................................................................................................... 39 Gasified Biomass Cofiring........................................................................................ 39 Natural Gas Cofiring with Biomass.......................................................................... 41 Biomass Integrated Gas turbine Combined Cycle Efforts...................................... 41 Paia, Hawaii .............................................................................................................. 42 Burlington, Vermont................................................................................................. 42 Granite Falls, Minnesota (MnVAP).......................................................................... 43 Värnamo, Sweden..................................................................................................... 44 Eggborough, UK (ARBRE)...................................................................................... 45 Other attempts........................................................................................................... 46 Commercialization of Biomass IGCC .......................................................................... 47 Carbona IGCC .......................................................................................................... 47 FERCO Enterprises................................................................................................... 47 Small Scale and Modular Biomass ................................................................................ 50 DOE Small Modular Biomass – Phase II ..................................................................... 50 Community Power Corporation................................................................................ 50 FlexEnergy................................................................................................................ 52 Sun Power (External Energy) ................................................................................... 53 Stirling Energy Systems, Inc..................................................................................... 53 ii Table of Contents (Continued) Carbona..................................................................................................................... 54 Other Small Biomass Power Systems (US).................................................................. 54 Altex Technologies ................................................................................................... 55 Omnifuel ................................................................................................................... 56 Small-Medium Scale Gasification for CHP (India and Europe) .................................. 58 India .......................................................................................................................... 58 Ankur Scientific.................................................................................................... 58 Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.................................................................. 59 Small Biomass CHP in Europe................................................................................. 62 Güssing, Austria CHP Facility.............................................................................. 62 Fuel cell from biogas demonstration......................................................................... 64 Rice Straw Combustion Systems ................................................................................... 65 Rice Straw in the Sacramento Valley ........................................................................... 65 Straw Fuel Issues .......................................................................................................... 65 Straw Fueled Power Generation in Europe................................................................... 67 Haslev ....................................................................................................................... 67 Slagelse ..................................................................................................................... 68 Rudkøbing................................................................................................................. 68 Masnedø.................................................................................................................... 70 Aabenraa (Ensted EV 3) ........................................................................................... 72 Maabjerg ................................................................................................................... 73 Avedore, Denmark.................................................................................................... 75 Ely (Cambridge), UK and Sangüesa, Spain.............................................................. 76 Grenå and Studstrupværket, Denmark...................................................................... 77 Straw handling and preparation for boiler. ................................................................... 77 Systems for Conversion of MSW................................................................................... 80 MSW Conversion Technology Database...................................................................... 82 Thermochemical MSW conversion systems ............................................................. 86 Hitachi Metals Environmental Systems Company (Yoshii, Japan)..................... 86 Alstom/Ebara (France, Switzerland and Japan)...................................................... 88 “TwinRec” and “EUP” processes. ........................................................................ 88 Brightstar Environmental (Queensland,