………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … ………… ……… …… The Political Culture of Democracy in Jamaica, 2008: The Impact of Governance by: Dr. Lawrence A. Powell, Polling Director, Centre for Leadership and Governance, Department of Government, UWI, Mona Balford A. Lewis, Doctoral Candidate, Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work, UWI, Mona Series General Editor Mitchell A. Seligson Centre for Leadership & Governance, University of the West Indies, Mona ………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … …………………… … This study was done with support from the Program in Democracy and Governance of the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the point of view of the United States Agency for International Development. March, 2009 ………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … ………… ……… …… The Political Culture of Democracy in Jamaica, 2008: The Impact of Governance INVESTIGATIVE TEAM Investigation - Lawrence Powell, Centre for Leadership and Governance, Department of Government, UWI, Mona - Balford Lewis, Department of Sociology, Centre for Leadership & Governance, Psychology and Social Work, UWI, Mona University of the West Indies, Mona Sample Design and Fieldwork Coordination - Roy Russell, Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work, UWI, Mona Data Processing Coordination - Gregory Baker, Population and Development Data Lab UWI, Mona Data Entry Supervision - Janice Thomas and Natalee Lindsay, Population and Development Data Lab UWI, Mona Centre for Leadership & Governance, University of the West Indies, Mona General Coordination - Dominique Zéphyr LAPOP Research Coordinator and Data Analyst Vanderbilt University, USA ………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … …………………… … The Political Culture of Democracy in Jamaica, 2008: The Impact of Governance Table of Contents Index of Figures.................................................................................................................................................. v Index of Tables .................................................................................................................................................. xi Preface.............................................................................................................................................................. xiii Prologue: Background to the Study................................................................................................................ xv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... xxii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... xxv PART ONE: THEORY AND CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISSONS...................................................................... 1 Context of Democratic Development in Jamaica, Method and Data Description........................................ 3 1. Social, Economic and Political Context ............................................................................................................... 3 2. Survey Design and Sample Characteristics......................................................................................................... 6 2.1. The Survey ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Design Considerations .................................................................................................................................. 6 2.3. Sampling Procedures..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3.1. Selection of Primary Sampling Units .......................................................................................................................7 2.3.2. Selection of Respondents..........................................................................................................................................8 2.4. The Questionnaire ....................................................................................................................................... 10 2.5. The Fieldwork.............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.6. Data Management and Control................................................................................................................... 11 2.7. Sample Characteristics................................................................................................................................ 11 2.8. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter I. Building Support for Stable Democracy ..................................................................................... 19 1.1. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................................... 19 1.2. Working hypothesis.......................................................................................................................................... 20 1.3. Support for the Idea of Democracy per se. .................................................................................................... 23 1.4. Support for Core Values on which Democracy Depends.............................................................................. 24 1.5. Belief in the Political Legitimacy of Core Regime Institutions..................................................................... 28 1.6. Social Capital.................................................................................................................................................... 31 1.7. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................................... 32 PART TWO: GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter II. Corruption and its Impact on Support for Stable Democracy ................................................ 35 2.1. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................................... 35 2.2. How Might Corruption Affect Support for Stable Democracy?..................................................................36 2.3. Assessing the Problem of Corruption in Jamaica.......................................................................................... 37 2.3.1. Perception of the Magnitude of Corruption in Jamaica........................................................................... 37 2.3.2. Comparative Perspective on Perception of the Magnitude of Corruption ............................................... 38 2.4. Defining and Dealing with Corruption........................................................................................................... 43 2.4.1. Identifying Who Justifies .......................................................................................................................... 45 2.5. Measuring Corruption Victimization ............................................................................................................. 47 2.5.1. The Index of Corruption Victimization ..................................................................................................... 49 2.5.2. Levels of Corruption Victimization in Jamaica ........................................................................................ 49 2.5.3. Corruption Victimization in Comparative Perspective............................................................................. 50 2.5.4. Determinants of Corruption Victimization ............................................................................................... 52 2.6. Impact of Corruption on Support for Stable Democracy............................................................................. 54 2.7. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................................... 55 i …… The Political Culture of Democracy in Jamaica, 2008: The Impact of Governance APPENDIX CHAPTER II...................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter III. Impact of Crime on Support for Stable Democracy................................................................ 61 3.1 Theoretical framework ..................................................................................................................................... 61 3.2. How Might Crime Victimization Affect Support for Stable Democracy?................................................... 64 3.3. Crime Victimization and Insecurity in Jamaica............................................................................................ 64 3.3.1. Extent of Crime Victimization................................................................................................................... 65 3.3.2.