Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK/IFC THE FRUIT OF HER LABOR: Public Disclosure Authorized Promoting Gender-Equitable Agribusiness in Papua New Guinea Public Disclosure Authorized June 30, 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized The Fruit of Her Labor: Promoting Gender-Equitable Agribusiness in PNG Acknowledgments This joint World Bank-IFC report was prepared by C. Mark Blackden and Maxie Makambo Dominic (consultants), under the overall leadership and guidance of Anuja Utz (World Bank) and Amy Luinstra (IFC) (co-task team leaders). The team benefited from the valuable support of Franz Drees-Gross (Country Director for Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands, World Bank), Tania Lozanky (Senior Manager, East Asia and Pacific Advisory Management, IFC), Gavin Murray (Regional Manager, IFC ) and Steffi Stallmeister (Country Manager for Papua New Guinea, World Bank). Helpful guidance provided by Laura Bailey (former World Bank Country Manager, Papua New Guinea) and Carolyn Blacklock (IFC Resident Representative, Papua New Guinea) is especially appreciated. The team is grateful for the valuable support and insights provided by the staff of the World Bank and IFC in Port Moresby, especially Liam Grealish (IFC) and Allan Oliver (World Bank). Nicole Jenner, Erik Caldwell Johnson, Kofi Nouve, and James Reichert (World Bank), and Deepak Adhikary, Charles Lor, Serah Sipani, and Rahmad Syakib (IFC) provided useful inputs throughout the drafting process. The report endeavors to reflect the ideas and perspectives of stakeholders met during the in-country consultations in January-February 2014, and of the participants at the stakeholder workshop that was held in Port Moresby in April 2014. This workshop brought together some sixty participants — from government, the private sector, think tanks, research institutes, NGOs, women’s groups, and the donor community — who are actively engaged in the supply chains for coffee, cocoa and fresh produce in Papua New Guinea. The workshop was facilitated by Deepak Adhikary, IFC. The team appreciates the valuable time given by many people in the provinces (listed in Annex 2), and especially the women (and men) farmers in Lae, Rabaul, Goroka, and Mt. Hagen, who gave generously of their insights and experience. The draft report was discussed at a joint World Bank-IFC decision meeting in June 2014. The team is grateful to Mona Sur (World Bank) and Roy Murray-Prior (Curtin University) who served as peer reviewers for this report. Finally, the team would like acknowledge the excellent support provided by Tasha Sinai, Summerville Kave and Jeffrey Mavu from the World Bank and IFC offices in Port Moresby in arranging the field visits and associated logistics in Papua New Guinea, and to Craig Stemp for his help and advice on security issues. We also thank Kirsten Bartlett, IFC for her help on the overall design of the report. ii The Fruit of Her Labor: Promoting Gender-Equitable Agribusiness in PNG Currency Equivalents (Exchange Rate Effective June 12, 2014) Currency Unit = Papua New Guinea Kina (PGK) PGK 1.0 = US$ 0.36 US$ 1.0 = PGK 2.71 Abbreviations and Acronyms ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ADB Asian Development Bank ARB Autonomous Region of Bougainville (PNG) CAS/CPS Country Assistance Strategy/Country Partnership Strategy (World Bank) CCI Cocoa and Coconut Institute (PNG) CGA Country Gender Assessment (World Bank) CIC Coffee Industry Corporation (PNG) CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (UN) CPB cocoa pod borer CSR corporate social responsibility DSP Development Strategic Plan (GoPNG) EHP Eastern Highlands Province (PNG) ENB East New Britain Province (PNG) EU European Union FHH female-headed household FPDA Fresh Produce Development Agency (PNG) FSV family and sexual violence FSVAC Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee (PNG) GDP gross domestic product GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea HDI Human Development Index (UNDP) HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IATP Integrated Agriculture Training Program ICCO International Cocoa Organization ICT information and communication technology IDA International Development Association (World Bank Group) IEG Independent Evaluation Group (World Bank) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development (UN) IFC International Finance Corporation (World Bank Group) IFOAM International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements ILO International Labour Organization (UN) IPDM Integrated Pest and Disease Management LLG local-level government LNG liquefied natural gas (project in PNG) LSS Land Settlement Scheme (PNG) MCH maternal and child health MDG Millennium Development Goals (UN) MHH male-headed household NARI National Agricultural Research Institute (PNG) NASAA National Association of Sustainable Agriculture, Australia NDB National Development Bank (PNG) OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (EU) PML PNG Microfinance Limited iii The Fruit of Her Labor: Promoting Gender-Equitable Agribusiness in PNG PMV public motor vehicle PNG Papua New Guinea POM Port Moresby PPAP Productive Partnerships in Agriculture Project (World Bank) PRAP Participatory Rural Appraisal and Planning QEB Quarterly Economic Bulletin (Bank of PNG) RIC Rural Industries Council (PNG) SHP Southern Highlands Province (PNG) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities USAID United States Agency for International Development WBG World Bank Group WDR World Development Report (World Bank) WHP Western Highlands Province (PNG) WIA Women in Agriculture (PNG) WIM Women in Mining (PNG) iv World Bank/IFC The Fruit of her Labor: Promoting Gender-Equitable Agribusiness in Papua New Guinea Table of Contents OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ VII I BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT ................................................................................................................ VII A Objective of the Report ...................................................................................................................... vii B Supply Chains ......................................................................................................................................... vii C Importance of Agriculture .............................................................................................................. viii D Country Gender Assessment ........................................................................................................... viii II PRINCIPAL FINDINGS.............................................................................................................................. IX A Women are Key to Quality ................................................................................................................ ix B Broader Labor Dynamics Affect Outcomes ............................................................................... xi C Provision of Key Support Services is Limited ......................................................................... xiii D Systemic Issues Persist and Affect Supply Chain Performance ...................................... xiv III PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... XV A Focus on Women as Key to Quality .............................................................................................. xv B Tackle Gender Differences in Labor Dynamics .................................................................... xvii C Improve Gender-Responsiveness of Key Services .............................................................. xviii D Address Systemic Barriers Affecting Supply Chain Performance .............................. xviii 1 INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND, CONTEXT, AND APPROACH ................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 CONTEXT: STRENGTHENING THE FOCUS ON GENDER ISSUES ....................................................... 1 1.3 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT .................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 3 1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT ....................................................................................................... 4 2 GENDER ISSUES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA .......................................................................... 5 2.1 COUNTRY OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 MEN AND WOMEN IN THE PNG ECONOMY ...................................................................................... 5 2.3 NON-MARKET WORK AND TIME USE ............................................................................................... 6 2.4 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ................................................................................................................. 6 2.5 GENDER DYNAMICS AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY IN PNG ....................................................... 7 2.5.1 Household Dynamics and Subordination of Women .....................................................