Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Overview • Personality • Is a characteristic way of responding Personality Disorders • Personality traits need to be adaptive Psychology 311 Abnormal Psychology Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides 1 2 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Personality Disorders Problems • 10-15% of general population have • Classification of Disorders is difficult some disorder • Little is known about origins and • Are long-standing maladaptive inflexible development ways of relating to the environment. • Little research is done on personality • Usually begin to see problems in early disorders adolescence • Disorders are usually not dramatic or • Individuals have a rigid and narrow way incapacitating so people do not seek help. of responding to stressors 3 4 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Major Characteristics Diagnostic Issues • Personality disorders are diagnosed on Axis II • Personality styles are ingrained, deeply of DSM-IV rooted, and firmly established. • Diagno sis can o nly be made when a perso n’s • Most individuals do not raise questions inflexible, lo ng-lasting behavio r pattern causes about their habitual ways of functioning important social problems or job problems • Note: Mental Retardation is also diagnosed on Axis II • Reason. Both disorders have lifetime or near- lifetime duration and stability • Not likely to be periods of improvement or change 5 6 1 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Often Persons have both Axis I and II Comparison of Axis I with Axis II Disorders Problems • Axis I disorders • No one knows why • People usually see their problems are the • Tend to see a mix of problems symptoms of some disorder and seek • Difficult to determine which problem treatment came first • Axis II Disorders • Was a stressor precipitating the disorder? • People are more likely to say their • Result, makes it difficult to diagnose problems are caused by family or co- workers • Thus, they do not need to seek treatment 7 8 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Reason Disorders are Presented in Three Groups • If a person needs 4 of seven • Odd or Eccentric characteristics • Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic • You could have two persons show • Anxious and Fearful different sets of symptoms • Prototypal approach • How reliable is it? 9 10 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Odd or Eccentric Paranoid Personality Disorders •Types •Overview • Paranoid Personality Disorders • Have unwarranted suspicion of others • Schizoid Personality Disorder • Mistrust others • Schizotypal Personality Disorder • Are hypersensitive •Behavior • Neighbor parks their car on the street just to annoy THEM • Odd, eccentric, reclusive, suspicious behavior • Person rarely seeks help • May read hidden meanings in things, • Cannot take criticism • Are detached from social relations • Often are cold, humor less, devious, scheming • Are withdrawn, cold, irrational 11 12 2 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Must have 4 of following 7 symptoms Schizoid Personality Disorder Overview • Perceives attacks from others • Are reserved • Questions loyalty and trust • Socially withdrawn •Seclusive • Expects to be exploited • Prefer to be alone in work and play • Reads hidden meanings • Lack capacity for warm, close relationships • Have poor social skills • Holds grudges •Lack humor • Are reluctant to confide in others • Are detached from the environment • Have flat and cold emotional responses • Have recurrent suspicion of infidelity • May have problems at work because of contact required by others • Are not concerned with relationships with others • Are poor prospects for therapy 13 14 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Need 4 of 7 Symptoms Schizotypal Personality Disorder • No desire for relationships • Many researchers consider this disorder • Always choose solitary activities to be a precursor to schizophrenia • Get pleasure from few activities • Have little desire for sex •Symptoms • Are indifferent to praise or criticism • Have oddities of thinking, perceiving, communicating and behavior • Have no close friends • Not as extreme as schizophrenia • Show emotional coldness • Clinicians will try to rule out hearing voices 15 16 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Some Symptoms Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic Behavior Group • Are difficult to understand • Not like the first group • Use thoughts and words that are • This group seeks attention, are highly common in uncommon ways noticeable, are very unpredictable • Express ideas unclearly •Disorders • Under stress • Histrionic Personality Disorder • Thinking deteriorates • Narcissistic Personality Disorder • May appear delusional • Borderline Personality Disorder • Antisocial Personality Disorder 17 18 3 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Histrionic Personality Disorder Etiology • Occurs in more women than men • Possibly begins in childhood •Overview • Are dramatic • Co morbid with Borderline Disorders • Have exaggerated emotio nal displays • Are self-centered • Want constant attention • Cannot focus on questions • Gives feelings and expressions, not information • Use physical qualities for attention • Attempt to be very seductive 19 20 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Need 5 of 8 for Diagnosis Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Have shallow emotional expression • Developed from classical Greek Myth • Over concern with physical appearance • Narcissus falls in love with his reflection • Inappropriate sexual seduction • Could not grasp his image • Discomfort when not the center of • Dies in anguish attention • Intolerance for situations that do not work out • Relations are more intimate than actually are • Exaggerated emotional responses 21 22 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Overview Need 5 or More • Have a grandiose view of themselves • Have a grandiose view of one’s and their abilities importance • Require constant attention • Preoccupation with one’s success, • Desire/seek excessive admiration brilliance, beauty • Have excessive self-concern • Extreme need for admiration • Have inflated sense of self • Have a strong sense of self-entitlement • No empathy for others feelings • Exploit others • Commonly occurs with Borderline Disorders • Envy others 23 24 4 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Borderline Disorders Overall • Key Features • Are intense, clinging, dependent • Impulsivity or instable relations and moody • Are angry at others if they get desired • Are argumentative, irritable attention • Sarcastic, quick to take offense • Manipulate others by • Have gambling, spending, sex, substance • physical symptoms abuse, and eating sprees •Suicide • Not clear of self, loyalties, values career • Mutilation • Cannot bear to be alone • Have a fear of isolation •Depression 25 26 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Biological Etiology Antisocial Personality Disorder • Ident ified with crime, vio lence, de linquency • Some data suggest impaired frontal lobe after age 15 damage • Diagnosis is not given until age 18 • Is thought to play a role in impulsive • 60% o f children with co nduct pro blems are behavior antisocial • Some believe genetic vulnerabilities • Higher rates in men • More common in low socioeconomic status • Is common with substance abuse disorders too • Typically see this diso rder in peo ple who have committed crimes. 27 28 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Some symptoms Key Symptom • Irresponsible • Lack of sympathy for victims • Physically aggressive • Have no guilt •Law Breaking • No remorse • Irritable • Default on loans • Reckless •Impulsive 29 30 5 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Etiology Therapy • Genetic Predisposition? • Not usually successful • Encourages parent to give • Lack of empathy and social • More discipline responsibilities are detriments in building • Be harsh rapport • Lack warmth • Current focus •Result • Prevention for at-risk children • Antisocial blooms • Etiology • Can be seen as environmental, physical, genetic, temperament 31 32 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Etiology Anxious or Fearful Behavior Group • Begins in adolescence or early adulthood • Always nervous or dependent on others • Occurs mostly in women •Disorders • Co morbidity with • Avoidant Personality Disorder • substance abuse • Dependent Personality Disorder • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder •Eating Disorders • Treatment is not very successful • Therapist is harping 33 34 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Avoidant Personality Disorder Others • Overview and symptoms • Has co morbidity with dependent • Have low self esteem personality disorders and borderline • Have a fear of negative evaluations disorder • Have a fear of rejection • To cope, individuals constantly scan the • Are reluctant to enter into relationships environment looking for signs to interpret • Limit activities to avoid new people and situations • Lives are controlled by a fear of looking • Are scared of social situations foolish or being embarrassed • Afraid to try anything new • Usually individuals have poorer social skills than those with social phobias • Unwilling to get involved unless they are reassured they will be liked 35 36 6 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Dependent Personality Disorders Others • Individuals view themselves as weak and • Found more in Japan and India others as strong • More dependent cultures • Have a strong need to be taken care of • Found more in women than men • Allow others to make decisions for them • Co morbidity with all other disorders • Lack confidence • Fear separation • Therapy best if it includes assertiveness • Are submissive and clinging training • Try to make themselves very pleasing 37 38 Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology Conclusions • Many types of disorders • Often are not considered disorders by the person • Treatment is often limited 39 7.