Zimbabwe Human Development Report 2017 Climate Change and Human Development: Empowered lives. Towards Building a Climate Resilient Nation GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE Resilient nations. Zimbabwe Human Development Report 2017 Climate Change and Human Development: Towards Building a Climate Resilient Nation Copyright © 2017 by the United Nations Development Programme Block 10 Arundel Office Park, Norfolk Road, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. For a list of any errors or omissions found subsequent to printing, please visit our website at http:// zw.undp.org “The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or the UN Member States.” “The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or UNDP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.” Published for the Government of Zimbabwe and United Nations Development Progrmme Zimbabwe with generous support from the Embassy of Sweden in Zimbabwe Empowered lives. GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE Resilient nations. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABR Adolescent Birth Rate IES Institute of Environmental Studies AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IFRC International Federation of the Red AMTO Assisted Medical Treatment Order Cross ART Antiretroviral Therapy IHDI Inequality-adjusted Human BEAM Basic Education Assistance Module Development Index CAFOD Catholic Agency for Overseas IIED International Institute for Environment Development and Development CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management ILO International Labour Organisation Programme for Indigenous Resources IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Change Everywhere IQ Intelligence Quotient CCVI Climate Change Vulnerability Index LprF Labour market participation rate for CNFA Cultivating New Frontiers in Agriculture Females CO2 eq Carbon Dioxide equivalent LprM Labour market participation rate for CoP Conference of Parties Males CREATE Consortium for Research on Education LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Access, Transitions and Equity Forestry DfID Department for International MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Development MIMS Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey DHIS District Health Information Software MMR Maternal Mortality Rate DPSIR Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index Responses MYS Mean Years of Schooling ENSURE Enhancing Nutrition, Stepping up NER Net Enrolment Rate Resilience and Enterprise NGO Non Governmental Organisation EPI Environmental Performance Index oC Degree Celcius ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation Programme and Development ESP Empowerment by share of seats in OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Parliament held by women Commissioner for Human Rights EU European Union OPC Office of the President and Cabinet EYS Expected Years of Schooling OPHI Oxford Poverty and Human FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation Development Initiative FDG Focus Group Discussion ORAP Organisation of Rural Associations for FRESH Focus Resources on Effective School Progress Health OXFAM Oxford Committee for Famine Relief GDI Gender Development Index PEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS GDP Gross Domestic Product Relief GHI Global Hunger Index PPP Purchasing Power Parity GII Gender Inequality Index SADC Southern African Development GIEWS Global Information and Early Warning Community System of the FAO SAFIRE Southern Alliance for Indigenous GNI Gross National Income Resources GPI Gender Parity Index SARUA Southern African Regional Universities HDI Human Development Index Association HDR Human Development Report SDG Sustainable Development Goal HEWS Humanitarian Early Warning Service SecF Attainment of at least secondary HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus education by Females ICT Information and Communications SecM Attainment of at least secondary Technology education by Males SIDA Swedish International Development UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention Cooperation Agency on Climate Change SMS Short Message Service UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers US United States (Netherlands Development USAID United States Agency for International Organisation) Development STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and USD United States Dollar Mathematics WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene UK United Kingdom WFP World Food Programme UN United Nations WHO World Health Organisation UNDP United Nations Development ZHDR Zimbabwe Human Development Report Programme ZIMASSET Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable UNEP United Nations Environment Socio-Economic Transformation Programme ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific ZIMVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Committee and Cultural Organisation ZRBF Zimbabwe Resilience Building Fund ii | Zimbabwe Human Development Report 2017 FOREWORD Climate change is one of the most significant development challenges facing humanity today. In ad- dition to destruction of our only planet, it affects people directly, their livelihoods and their wellbeing directly, thus having adverse effects on human development. Climate change is a significant threat to Zimbabweans and the Government of Zimbabwe regards climate as a top priority in its development efforts. A better understanding of the effects of climate change on human development is imperative to combatting climate change and it is with this objective that the Government of Zimbabwe and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) launched the production of the Zimbabwe Human Development Report on Climate Change and Human Development: Towards Building a Cli- mate Resilient Nation. The report was prepared by an independent team of experts in consultation with a broad constitu- ency, including provincial and district planners, and communities, in a true spirit of human devel- opment. It uses the ‘Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Reponses’ (DPSIR) framework, formulated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to analyse the interactions between climate change and human development. Considering the key climate related development challenges, the report focusses on four human development themes, namely, livelihoods, food security, health and education. A wealth of information is presented in terms of the status of climate effects and human development, and their interactions. As the report asserts, Zimbabwe is a high climate risk country because of high vulnerability of climate changes on its population and exposure to climate-related events such as fre- quent droughts, and reliance on agricultural land that is both flood and drought prone. In addressing these adverse effects, the Government of Zimbabwe has committed itself to implementing or domes- ticating international policy agreements that strengthen the country’s adaptive capacity and resilience in the face of climate change, including launching a National Climate Change Response Strategy. However, a lot more needs to be done to minimise the effects of climate change on broader human de- velopment and the solutions that this report articulates could be of immense help. Among them are: strengthening the capacity of relevant institutions to forecast disasters and disseminate early warning to the people; mainstreaming disaster risk management; building resilience to climate-related shocks and stresses; improving disaster response measures and actions; adopting appropriate agro-ecological and climate resilient agricultural practices; mapping land and crop suitability; and enhancing social safety nets, to list a few. More importantly, the report suggests how the responses in terms of policies, strategies, legislation, institutional arrangements and actions can be tailored to make all sectors and the Zimbabwean population more resilient to climate change. We hope that this report will reach and appeal to a wide audience to spur constructive public debate, change perceptions and priorities at the national level and garner support for action. Bishow Parajuli Misheck. J. M. Sibanda UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Chief Secretary to Cabinet and President Representative ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of the Zimbabwe National Human Development Report 2017, titled Climate Change and Human Development: Towards Building a Climate Resilient Nation, was guided by Dr. Misheck J. M Sibanda, Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet (OPC), and Mr. Bishow Parajuli, UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative in Zimbabwe. The process was supervised by Mr. Justin Mupamhanga, Deputy Chief Secretary, OPC and Chair of the Steering Committee, sup- ported by Ambassador Boniface Chidyausiku at OPC. Chief Technical Advisors to the production of the report were Dr. Desire Sibanda and Dr. Judith Kateera, former Permanent Secretaries of the Min- istry of Macroeconomic Planning and Investment Promotion, Mr. Prince Mupazviriho, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate, and Ms. Verity Nyagah, Mr. Georges Van Montfort and Mr. Amarakoon Bandara, former Country Director,