DOE/MX_rIP-4 TECH]qICAL AREA STATUS REPORT FOR WASTE DESTRUCTION AND STABILIZATION J. D. Dalton T. L Harris L. M. DeWitt Science Application International Corporation 545 Shoup Avenue Post Office Box 50697 Idaho Falls, II) 83405-0697 August 1993 Prepared for the Waste Destruction and Stabilization Technical Support Group Mixed Waste Integrated Program U.S. Department of Energy Office of Technology Development Washington, D.C. 20585 under contract DE-AC01-92EW30030 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned fights. Refer- benilicety hforereinthetoaccuanyracspyec, ificcompcommercialleteness, orproductuseful,nessprocoessf ,anyorinfoservirmceatiobyn, trapparaade namtuse,, prtradoductema,rk,or MA_ ].E _ manufacturer, or otherwise does nr,t n_cessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. J_] OIST'RIBUTIOOFNTHISDOCUMENTfS tIi_LIMIT_ II.+q.l_- <lp ,-t _. _ .e _, ¢1, CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................... v 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 1.1 TECHNICAL SUPPORT GROUP RESPONSIBILITIES .......... 2 1.2 WASTE DESTRUCTION AND STABILIZATION TECHNICAL SUPPORT GROUP .................................. 4 1.2.1 Responsibilities and Strategy for the WDS TSG .......... 4 1.2.2 Surrogate Waste Streams for Testing .................. 6 1.2.3 Definitions of Current and Emerging Treatment Technologies .................................. 6 1.2.4 Determination of Treatment Technology Requirements ..... 6 1.2.5 Technology Evaluation Criteria ..................... 7 1.2.6 Selection of Development Projects to be Funded ........ 11 1.2.7 Experimental Plan .............................. 12 1.2.8 Quality Assurance/Quality Control .................. 12 1.2.9 Project Deliverables ............................ 13 1.3 SCOPE OF TECHNICAL AREA STATUS REPORT ........... 13 2. DOE WASTE STREAM IDENTIFICATION ....................... 15 3. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS EFFORTS .......................... 21 3.1 HAZARDOUS WASTE REMEDIAL ACTIONS PROGRAM REPORT ........................................ 21 3.2 THERMAL TREATMENT WORKING GROUP REPORT ....... 22 3.3 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS .............. 23 4. SUMMARY OF WDS TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES .............. 25 4.1 INNOVATIVE WASTE DESTRUCTION AND STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES ..................... 26 4.1.1 Thermal Waste Destruction and Stabilization Technologies 26 4.1.2 Chemical Waste Destruction and Stabilization Technologies .................................. 28 4.1.3 Electrochemical Waste Destruction and Stabilization Technologies .................................. 28 4.1.4 Radiolytic Waste Destruction and Stabilization Technologies ................................. 28 4.2 CURRENTLY AVAILABLE WASTE DESTRUCTION AND STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES ..................... 28 4.2.1 Thermal Waste Destruction and Stabilization Technologies 30 4.2.2 Chemical Waste Destruction and Stabilization Technologies ................................. 31 4.2.3 Biological Organic Destruction and Stabilization Technologies 32 4.3 ALTERNATIVES TO INCINERATION .................... 32 5. CURRENTLY FUNDED WDS ACTIVITIES ....................... 35 6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES ................ 37 6.1 IMPROVED WASTE DATA ............................ 37 6.2 COMMUNICATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ..... 37 6.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ................... 38 7. REFERENCES ............................................ 39 Appendix A: MIXED WASTE CHARACTERIZATION CODE DESCRIPTIONS A-1 Appendix B: DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S LOW-LEVEL MIXED WASTE INVENTORY ...................................... B- 1 Appendix C: THERMAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ............... C-1 Appendix D: ADDITIONAL THERMAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES .... D-I Appendix E: ADDITIONAL FURNACE TECHNOLOGIES ............... E-1 Appendix F: MIXED WASTE INTEGRATION PROGRAM TECHNOLOGY NEEDS STATEMENT AND CALL FOR PROPOSALS FY94 .......... F-1 FIGURES 1.1 Mixed Waste Inte_-ated Program Technology Areas ................... 3 1.2 MWTP Flow Sheet -- Thermal Treatment Baseline .................... 8 2.1 Mixed Waste Categories Figure ................................. 17 D.1 Cyclone Melter ........................................... D-5 D.2 Graphite Electrode Hearth Melter ............................... D-7 D.3 Fossil Fuel Shaft Furnace .................................... D-9 D.4 Plasma Torch-Fired Shaft Furnace ............................. D-ll D.5 Graphite Electrode Shaft Furnace .............................. D- 13 E.1 Simplified Flow Diagram for Catalytic Extraction Process .............. E-3 E.2 Graphical Representation of Mass Flows for a Simplified Molten Metal Bath Process with Inert Feed (HHV = 0.0 Btu/lb) ....................... E-6 E.3 Graphical Representation of Energy Flows for a Simplified Molten Metal Bath Process with Inert Feed (HHV = 0.0 Btu/lh) ....................... E-7 TABLES 1.1 Mixed Waste Integrated Program Work Breakdown Structure ............. 2 4.1 Thermal Treatment Technologies Advantages and Disadvantages .......... 29 5.1 Summary of FY93 Funded TTP Activities ......................... 35 iii iv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ALARA ............................... as low as reasonably achievable Ag ..................................................... Silver As .................................................... Arsenic ATI ...................................... Alternative to Incineration Ba ..................................................... barium BDAT .......................... Best Demonstrated Available Technology Br .................................................... bromine C ...................................................... carbon °C ......... : ..................................... degrees Celsius Cd ................................................... cadmium CEP ....................................... Catalytic Extract Process CEPOD ...................... Catalytic Electrochemical Production Devices C1 .................................................... chlorine CO .............................................. carbon monoxide CO2 .............................................. carbon dioxide Cr ................................................... chromium D&D ............................. decontamination and decommissioning DOE ........................................ Department of Energy DRE ................................ Destruction and Removal Efficiency EM .............. Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management EM- 10 ...................... Office of Planning and Resource Management EM-20 ...... Office of Environmental Quality Assurance & Resource Management EM-30 ................................... Office of Waste Operations EM-40 ............................. Office of Environmental Restoration EM-50 ........................... Office of Technology and Development EPA ................................. Environmentai Protection Agency ER ....................................... Environmental Restoration ETCAP .............. Environmental Technology Cost Savings Analysis Project F ..................................................... fluorine °F ............................................. degrees Fahrenheit FFCA ............................ Federal Facility Compliance Agreement F&ORs .......................... Functional and Operational Requirements ft ........................................................ feet FY .................................................. fiscal year HAZWRAP .................... Hazardous Waste Remedial A_tions Program Hz ................................................... hydrogen H20 ..................................................... water HCI ............................................. hydrogen chloride HEPA ................................... high efficiency particulate air Hg .................................................... mercury HOC ........ _........................ Halogenated Organic Compounds INEL ............................ Idaho National Engineering Laboratory LANL ................................ Los Alamos National Laboratory LDR ...................................... Land Disposal Restrictions MEO .............................. Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation MIT .............................. Massachusetts Institute of Technology MLLW ....................................... mixed low-level waste mm ................................................. millimeter MMT ..................................... Molten Metal Technology MS .................... ............................. molten salt MSW ........................................ municipal solid waste MWIP ............................... Mixed Waste Integrated Program MWTP ................................ Mixed Waste Treatment Project Na2CO 3 .......................................... sodium carbonate NEPA ............................... National Environmental Policy Act NESHAP ........... National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NOx ........................................... nitrated compounds