FLAME RETARDANTS USED IN FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM: AN ALTERNATIVES ASSESSMENT UPDATE SECTIONS 1-6 August 2015 EPA Publication 744-R-15-002 Table of Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 The Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership .............................................................. 1-1 1.2 Updating the 2005 Furniture Flame Retardancy Report .............................................. 1-1 1.3 Alternatives Assessment as a Risk Management Tool ................................................ 1-4 1.4 DfE Alternatives Assessment and the Toxic Substances Control Act ......................... 1-6 2 Hazard Evaluation Results for Flame Retardants Used in Flexible Polyurethane Foam ..... 2-1 2.1 Hazard Comparison Table ........................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Hazard and Fate Results by Chemical Group .............................................................. 2-5 2.3 Hazard and Fate Results by Endpoint .......................................................................... 2-6 3 Flexible Polyurethane Foam Flame Retardants and Flammability Standards ..................... 3-1 3.1 Flexible Polyurethane Foam ........................................................................................ 3-1 3.2 Flame Retardant Classification and Exposure Considerations .................................... 3-1 3.3 Sources of Data for Identifying Foam Flame Retardants ............................................ 3-2 3.4 Notes on Specific Foam Flame Retardants ................................................................ 3-15 3.5 Standards that Influence the Use of Flame Retardants .............................................. 3-17 4 Alternative Flame Retardant Solutions not Addressed in This Report ................................ 4-1 5 Hazard Evaluation Methodology ......................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Toxicological and Environmental Endpoints ............................................................... 5-1 5.2 Data Sources and Assessment Methodology ............................................................... 5-8 5.3 Importance of Physical and Chemical Properties, Environmental Transport, and Biodegradation ....................................................................................................................... 5-12 5.4 Evaluating Human Health Endpoints ......................................................................... 5-18 5.5 Evaluating Environmental Toxicity and Fate Endpoints ........................................... 5-21 5.6 Endocrine Activity ..................................................................................................... 5-27 6 References ............................................................................................................................ 6-1 7 Hazard Evaluations .............................................................................................................. 7-1 Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) ........................................................................................... 7-1 Benzoic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-, 2-ethylhexyl ester (TBB) ............................................... 7-20 Di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ..................................................................... 7-59 Diethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate ....................................................... 7-102 Emerald Innovation™ NH-1 ................................................................................................ 7-123 Expandable graphite ............................................................................................................ 7-207 Fyrol™ HF-5 ....................................................................................................................... 7-229 Isopropylated triphenyl phosphate (IPTPP) ......................................................................... 7-269 Melamine ............................................................................................................................. 7-333 Oligomeric ethyl ethylene phosphate .................................................................................. 7-377 Oligomeric phosphonate polyol ........................................................................................... 7-394 Phosphoric acid, P,P'-[2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] P,P,P',P'-tetrakis(2-chloroethyl) ester ...................................................................................................................................... 7-410 Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) ................................................................................................... 7-447 Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) .................................................................................................. 7-509 Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) ............................................................... 7-543 Tris (2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) ................................................................ 7-601 Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) ............................................................................... 7-648 Tris (p-t-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP) ............................................................................ 7-700 ii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ACR Acute to chronic ratio APP Ammonium polyphosphate ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BAF Bioaccumulation factor BCF Bioconcentration factor BEARFTI Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDR Chemical Data Reporting CFR Code of Federal Regulations CHO Chinese hamster ovary cells ChV Chronic value CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission DecaBDE Decabromodiphenyl ether DfE Design for the Environment DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide EbC50 Concentration at which 50% reduction of biomass is observed EC50 Half maximal effective concentration ECHA European Chemicals Agency ECOSAR Ecological Structure Activity Relationships EDSP Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program EEC European Economic Community EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPI Estimation Program Interface ErC50 Concentration at which a 50% inhibition of growth rate is observed EU European Union FFRP Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership FPUF Flexible polyurethane foam GD Gestation day GHS Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals GLP Good laboratory practice HPLC High performance liquid chromatography HPV High Production Volume HPVIS High Production Volume Information System HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ID50 Median ineffective dose IFR Inherently flame retardant IPTPP Isopropylated triphenyl phosphate IRIS Integrated Risk Information System IUCLID International Uniform Chemical Information Database Koc Sediment/soil adsorption/desorption coefficient iii Kow Octanol/water partition coefficient LbL Layer-by-layer LC50 Median lethal concentration LC100 Absolute lethal concentration LCA Life cycle assessment LD Lactation day LD50 Median lethal dose LDLo Lethal dose low LFL Lower limit of flammability LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level LOEC Lowest observed effect concentration MF Molecular formula MITI Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry MSDS Material Safety Datasheet MW Molecular weight NAS National Academy of Sciences NCI National Cancer Institute NCP New Chemicals Program NES No effects at saturation NFPA National Fire Protection Association NGO Non-governmental organization NICNAS National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme NOAEC No observed adverse effect concentration NOAEL No observed adverse effect level NOEC No observed effect concentration NTP National Toxicology Program OECD Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment OPFR Organophosphate flame retardant OPP Office of Pesticide Programs OPPT Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics PBDE Polybrominated diphenyl ether PBT Profiler Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemical Profiler PentaBDE Pentabromodiphenyl ether PINFA Phosphorus, Inorganic & Nitrogen Flame Retardants Association PMN Premanufacture Notification ppm parts per million QSAR Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals SAR Structure Activity Relationship SF Sustainable Futures SIDS Screening Information Data Set SMILES Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System SNUR Significant New Use Rule TB Technical Bulletin TBB Benzoic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-, 2-ethylhexyl ester iv TBPH Di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate TBPP Tris (p-t-butylphenyl) phosphate TCEP Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate TCP Tricresyl phosphate TCPP Tris (2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate TDCPP Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate TG Test guidelines TPP Triphenyl phosphate TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act UFAC Upholstered Furniture Action Council UFL Upper limit of flammability V6 Phosphoric acid, P,P'-[2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] P,P,P',P'-tetrakis(2- chloroethyl) ester WAF Water accommodated fraction v 1 Introduction 1.1 The Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership The flame retardant