Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2015 Development of a Reference Dataset to Evaluate PEMS Post- Processing Software Hemanth K. Kappanna Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Kappanna, Hemanth K., "Development of a Reference Dataset to Evaluate PEMS Post-Processing Software" (2015). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5933. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5933 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Development of a Reference Dataset to Evaluate PEMS Post- Processing Software Hemanth K. Kappanna Dissertation submitted to the Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Mechanical Engineering Committee Members Mridul Gautam, Ph.D., Chair Gregory. J. Thompson, Ph.D. Hailin Li, Ph.D. Feng Yang, Ph.D. Benjamin C. Shade, Ph.D. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Morgantown, West Virginia May 2015 Keywords: In-Use Emissions Regulations, Emissions Calculation, Reference Dataset, Robustness Testing of Software Copyright 2015 Hemanth K. Kappanna Development of a Reference Dataset to Evaluate PEMS Post-Processing Software Hemanth K. Kappanna Abstract Since the implementation of in-use emissions standards, an outcome of the consent decree between heavy-duty diesel engine manufacturers and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), there has been an increased interest in the research and development of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) that are capable of analyzing exhaust emissions continuously while a vehicle or equipment powered by an internal combustion engine is performing its intended vocation. Ultimately for an engine to pass in-use emissions requirements, the brake specific emissions of regulated pollutants measured over valid Not-to-Exceed (NTE) events must be less than or equal to 1.25 or 1.5 times the engine emission certification standards, based on the engine model year (MY), plus an additional margin known as in-use measurement allowance. The vehicle has to satisfy the in-use emissions standard for 90% of the NTE events provided the brake specific emissions over the rest of the events are less than two times the certification level to comply with in-use emission regulations. As in-use emissions measurement and regulation together form a requirement since 2004 for certification of engines, it is imperative to develop procedures of oversight similar to ones that exist for laboratory-based engine certification. Therefore, a reference data set that incorporates all the in-use emissions regulations used to quantify the measured emissions over an NTE event, including the conditions used to validate an NTE event is developed in the direction of providing a means to validate commercial PEMS data analysis software. A reference data set was designed and used to evaluate the post-processing software of two commercial PEMS devices. A black box testing methodology was implemented to evaluate the performance of the post-processing software. Specifically, the input data set was developed to execute different sections of the program based on logical conditions required to branch into a particular section therefore verifying the truth in executing a logical condition and the interpretation of in-use emissions regulation. Also, the brake specific emissions results to be expected from the given input data set were known a priori to verify the accuracy of the equations used in calculating the final emissions results. The dataset was also used to evaluate PEMS data post-processing software developed at WVU. The test results indicated that definition of NTE emissions performance was not in agreement for the post-processing software evaluated. Being that compliance is required for manufacturers to sell engines without penalty, it is critical that the metric by which compliance is assessed must be accurate and robust. As such, the reference data set developed will serve in identifying interpretation errors of in- use emissions regulations as well as calculation error and reduce the chances of triggering false positives and negatives that could prove costly to engine manufacturers as well as air quality regulating agencies. This reference data set will also serve in effective implementation of any modification of existing or additional new in-use emissions compliance requirements and verify it across different in-use emissions data post-processing software supplied by PEMS manufacturers and developed in-house. Test results showed that PEMS post-processors outcome were not in agreement with expected total number of 166 NTE events as the in-house, PEMS A and PEMS B returned 216, 288 and 190 NTE events respectively. The reference dataset was instrumental in identifying interpretation error in the in-house data post- processor leading to a revised version of the software that matched the expected results. This dissertation is dedicated to my teachers and my brother Ravi K. Kappanna. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Dr. Mridul Gautam, for his valuable advice and the opportunities I was afforded during the course of this education, and through which I was able to fulfill my brother and parents wish. Thanks are due for my committee for challenging the proposal and the final thesis to make this work worthy enough for a PhD. I would like to thank Dan Carder for believing in me and making sure I do not give up on my goals through most challenging times. A very special thanks to my best friend Marc Besch who made sure that I am not left alone from beginning of qualifiers, which was the most memorable moments of this course, till the submission of final dissertation by motivating and supporting throughout this journey. I would like to thank Arvind Thiruvengadam for being that familiar face when I returned to pursue PhD, and for the countless wings night all around Morgantown. I would like to thank Ben Shade for making me feel I am funny with his endless jokes on me, if he ever takes up being comedian as a career I would volunteer to be his prop. Thanks are due for John Revercomb for proofing this document and being kind enough to praise it. I want to thank Peter Bonsack for introducing me to tasting wine and being a great company over cheese and wine. I would like to thank my office mates Jiang Lei, and Ms. Li for being a great company and appreciate for inviting me over hot pot dinners. I would like to thank all CAFEE graduates and students for being great friends, without you guys graduate education would have been boring. I am thankful to my parents for providing unwavering support to pursue my education and wishing me success in all my endeavors. I look up to them for being a great example in facing the most challenging situations in life. Time and again my sister Hemalatha has provided me greatest support emotionally by listening to me so far and this was made possible partly by my cousin Rathnamma who gave my sister a second lease of life by being a live kidney donor. I am constantly challenged by these stalwarts of life and I strive to follow in their path. I would like to thank my brother-in-law Dr. Suresh for understanding my needs and treating me like his own brother. I am thankful to my loving nieces Bhavana and Bhanavee for sharing their mom’s precious time with me. I would like to thank Arathy Narasegowda, for sharing better part of my graduate studies and teasing the best out of me. In the end all these experiences have led me to practice of Yoga which I treasure the most and set a lifetime goal to follow Ashtanga, the eight limbs of Yoga. v Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. xi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. xiii List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ xv 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background .....................................................................................................................................