Strategies to Overcome Transportation Barriers for Rent Burdened Oakland Residents Alexandra Pan Susan Shaheen, Ph.D UC Berkeley, in partnership with TransForm and Lyft Report for the California Strategic Growth Council March 2021 doi:10.7922/G237771N Strategies to Overcome Transportation Barriers for Rent Burdened Oakland Residents Alexandra Pan1 and Susan Shaheen, Ph.D1 1 University of California, Berkeley Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Clarrissa Cabansagan (TransForm), Lilly Shoup (formerly at Lyft, now at Shoup Strategies) and Debs Schrimmer (Lyft) for their invaluable feedback, contributions, and support throughout this research. We would also like to thank TransForm, the Unity Council, the Scraper Bike team, and Mary Lim Lampe at Genesis for their help with recruiting focus group, survey, and interview participants; Gordon Bauer, now at the International Council on Clean Transportation, and Jacquelyn Broader at the Transportation Sustainability Research Center for their help with data collection and analysis; and Adam Cohen, Elliot Martin, and Jessica Lazarus at the Transportation Sustainability Research Center for their support throughout this project. Lastly, this research would not have been possible without the time that focus group and interview participants spent talking to us about their use and perspectives of public transit and shared mobility. We deeply appreciate and value the insights these participants shared with us, and hope that this report is a step towards addressing the transportation barriers that rent burdened Oakland residents continue to face. This project is supported by California Strategic Growth Council's Climate Change Research Program with funds from California Climate Investments, a statewide initiative that puts billions of Cap-and-Trade dollars to work reducing greenhouse gas emissions, strengthening the economy, and improving public health and the environment - particularly in disadvantaged communities. 1 Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4 Section 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 Background ............................................................................................................................... 14 Geographic Context .............................................................................................................. 14 Transportation Options ......................................................................................................... 15 Population of Interest ............................................................................................................ 16 Transformative Framework ...................................................................................................... 17 Section 2. Literature on Transportation Equity ............................................................................. 18 What is transportation equity? .................................................................................................. 18 Shared Mobility Equity Framework ......................................................................................... 18 Equity in Shared Mobility ......................................................................................................... 19 Shared Micromobility: Bikesharing ...................................................................................... 19 Shared Micromobility: Electric Scooter Sharing .................................................................. 22 Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) ........................................................................ 26 Carsharing ............................................................................................................................. 30 Equity Pilots in Shared Mobility............................................................................................... 32 Key Characteristics ............................................................................................................... 33 Strategies for Operationalizing Equity .................................................................................. 37 Gaps in Shared Mobility Equity Literature ............................................................................... 42 Section 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 42 Expert Interviews ...................................................................................................................... 42 Focus Groups ............................................................................................................................ 43 Online Survey and In-depth Longitudinal Panel Resident Interviews ...................................... 43 Study Limitations ...................................................................................................................... 44 Section 4. Expert Interviews ......................................................................................................... 44 Design ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Community Involvement and Equity in Process .................................................................. 45 Equity Requirements in Shared Mobility Programs ............................................................. 46 Evaluation Metrics ................................................................................................................ 47 Findings..................................................................................................................................... 48 Preferences and Use Cases for Shared Mobility ................................................................... 48 Barriers to Low-Income Adoption and Use of Shared Mobility .......................................... 49 Reflections ................................................................................................................................ 50 2 Limitations of Shared Mobility: “It’s bigger than transportation” ....................................... 50 Opportunities for Shared Mobility ........................................................................................ 50 Future of Shared Mobility ..................................................................................................... 51 Section 5. East Oakland Focus Group Findings ........................................................................... 51 Participant Demographics ......................................................................................................... 51 Current Transportation Use ....................................................................................................... 52 Transportation Barriers ............................................................................................................. 54 Shared Mobility ........................................................................................................................ 55 Shared Mobility Incentives ....................................................................................................... 57 Incentives to Try Shared Mobility ........................................................................................ 57 Measures to Address Financial Barriers ............................................................................... 57 Pricing Strategies .................................................................................................................. 58 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 58 Access to shared mobility ..................................................................................................... 59 Awareness of shared mobility ............................................................................................... 60 Usage of shared mobility ...................................................................................................... 60 Section 6. Online Survey and Resident Interview Findings ......................................................... 60 Access and Awareness .............................................................................................................. 61 Bikesharing ........................................................................................................................... 62 Scooter sharing...................................................................................................................... 63 Shared electric mopeds ......................................................................................................... 63 Carsharing ............................................................................................................................. 63 TNCs ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Usage......................................................................................................................................... 64 General use of transportation ...............................................................................................