Politics and Policies www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free Edited by Simon Bekker and Laurent Fourchard Governing cities.indd 1 2013/03/14 4:11 PM Governing cities title page.indd 2 2013/02/16 8:52 AM Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2013 www.hsrcpress.ac.za ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2416-2 ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2417-9 from ISBN (epub) 978-0-7969-2418-6 © 2013 Human Sciences Research Council This book has undergone a double-blind independent peer review process overseen by the HSRC Press download Editorial Board. Free The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Copyedited by Mark Ronan Typeset by Laura Brecher Cover design by Michelle Staples Printed by [Name of printer, city, country] Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 17 6760 4972; Fax: +44 (0) 17 6760 1640 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by River North Editions, from IPG Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Governing cities.indd 2 2013/03/14 4:11 PM Contents Boxes iv Abbreviations and acronyms v Preface vii City profiles ix 1 Introduction 1 Simon Bekker and Laurent Fourchard PART 1 Party politics and the politics of identity 13 Editors’ introduction 15 2 Exploring the role of party politics in the governance of African cities 17 Claire Bénit-Gbaffou, Alain Dubresson, Laurent Fourchard, Karine Ginisty, Sylvy Jaglin, Ayodeji Olukoju, Sam Owuor and Jeanne Vivet 3 Urban planning, housing and the making of ‘responsible citizens’ in the late colonial period: Dakar, Nairobi and Conakry 43 Séverine Awenengo Dalberto, Hélène Charton and Odile Goerg www.hsrcpress.ac.za 4 Changing minority identities in urban Africa: Cotonou, Kano, Lomé and Maputo 67 from Jeanne Vivet, Denise Brégand, Rasheed Olaniyi and Amandine Spire PART 2 Urban public policies: Problematising informality 85 download Editors’ introduction 87 Free 5 Breaking down the binary: Meanings of informal settlement in southern African cities 93 Liela Groenewald, Marie Huchzermeyer, Kristen Kornienko, Marius Tredoux, Margot Rubin and Isabel Raposo 6 The politics of solid-waste management in Accra, Addis Ababa, Maputo and Ouagadougou: Different cities, similar issues 117 Jeremy Grest, Axel Baudouin, Camilla Bjerkli and Hélène Quénot-Suarez 7 Informality, public space and urban governance: An approach through street trading (Abidjan, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Lomé and Nairobi) 145 Jean-Fabien Steck, Sophie Didier, Marianne Morange and Margot Rubin 8 Contested social orders: Negotiating urban security in Nigeria and South Africa 169 Julie Berg, Rufus Akinyele, Laurent Fourchard, Kees van der Waal and Michellene Williams Contributors 189 Index 191 Governing cities.indd 3 2013/03/14 4:11 PM Boxes Box 2.1 Rescaling urban governance: A challenge on its own – the case of Cape Town 22 Box 2.2 Party politics as central in explaining urban policies and governability: The case of Lagos 22 Box 2.3 The politics of local government: The centre undermining local tiers of urban governance 23 Box 2.4 How a small community garden is drawn into a three-layered political game: The case of Thinasonke Garden, Midvaal (South Africa) 24 Box 2.5 How party politics undermines road construction and maintenance in Lagos 25 Box 2.6 Contrasting fates of intergovernmental cooperation in urban projects in Cape Town 26 Box 2.7 Gerrymandering as a fiscal strategy to undermine the opposition: The case of Dschang municipality, Cameroon 27 Box 2.8 Legacy and recapturing liberation movements’ mass-party local structures: Johannesburg and Maputo 31 www.hsrcpress.ac.za Box 2.9 An opposition MP takes sides in a local conflict over land: from Nairobi 33 Box 2.10 The fate of a community soccer field in Johannesburg 34 Box 2.11 Decentralisation and multiplication of clientelist opportunities: download The case of basic service provision in informal settlements in Maputo 35 Free Box 4.1 The certificate of indigeneity in Nigeria 71 Box 5.1 Country contexts: Angola, Mozambique and South Africa 96 Box 7.1 Jua Kali, a national priority in Kenya? 150 Box 7.2 Street traders in would-be global Cape Town 154 Box 7.3 Informal trade and urban planning: Shrinking space, increasing formalisation and a neocolonial order? 157 Box 7.4 The contrasting figures of participation 160 Box 7.5 Greenmarket Square, Cape Town: An emblem of neoliberal spatial reordering 161 Box 7.6 The ambiguous meanings of consultation in Nairobi 162 iv Governing cities.indd 4 2013/03/14 4:11 PM Abbreviations and acronyms ANC African National Congress ANS Archives Nationales du Sénégal ARD Archives Régionales de Dakar BNETD Bureau national d’études techniques et de développement CID city improvement district CODESRIA Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa DA Democratic Alliance FIDES Fonds D’Investissement et de Développement Économique et Social FRELIMO Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Mozambique Liberation Front) FWA French West Africa GDP gross domestic product ICO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund KNA Kenyan National Archives www.hsrcpress.ac.za NCBDA Nairobi Central Business District Association NGO non-governmental organisation from NURTW National Union of Road Transport Workers OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries download RENAMO Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (Mozambican National Resistance) Free SICAP Société Immobilière du Cap-Vert UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme v Governing cities.indd 5 2013/03/14 4:11 PM www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free vi Governing cities.indd 6 2013/03/14 4:11 PM Preface This volume has been produced by teams of researchers from different disciplinary and language backgrounds and from different countries and continents. Since the editors believe that it is not only its substantial contribution but also the methods used to produce this volume that are of value, we have decided to discuss the process of its production in some detail in the introductory chapter. The editors would like to thank all the contributors for their hard work and patience and stimulating ideas. Intellectual stimulation was also provided by a substantial number of conference participants whom we wish to list here by name: Susan Baller, Catherine Boudet , Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Scarlett Cornelissen, Michel Cahen, Dominique Darbon, Rehana Ebrahim-Vally, Andreas Eckert, Bill Freund, Philippe Gervais Lambony, Norbert Kersting, Mary Njeri Kinyanjui, Anne Leildé, Alan Mabin, Denis Constant Martin, Cédric Mayrargue, Luzuko Mdunyelwa, Robert Mongwe, Colman Msoka, Fulu Godfrey Netswera, Gabriel Nyassogbo, René Otayek, Sam Owuor, Edgar Pieterse, Steven Robins, Jennifer Robinson, Aurélia Wa www.hsrcpress.ac.za Kabwe Segatti, Abdoumaliq Simone, Göran Therborn, Izak van der Merwe, Elrena van der Spuy, and Jantjie Xaba. from We would also like to thank Charlotte Imani at the HSRC Press and Mark Ronan for their technical aid and support. download Without financial backing from the French National Centre for Scientific Research Free and the National Research Foundation in South Africa for the duration of 2006– 2009, this collaborative project could not have been launched. Financial support was also obtained from French Institutes on the African continent – IFAS, Johannesburg; IFRA Ibadan and IFRA, Nairobi – as well as from a number of universities in France and South Africa: Les Afriques dans le monde LAM (previously Centre d’Etude d’Afrique Noire), Bordeaux; the Universities of Paris 1, Paris 7 and Paris Ouest as well as the Universities of Cape Town, KwaZulu-Natal, Stellenbosch and the Witwatersrand. Our gratitude for these resources is shared by all the researchers involved in the project. The normal qualifications regarding opinions expressed in this book apply, and we, the editors, remain responsible for errors and omissions. Simon Bekker and Laurent Fourchard vii Governing cities.indd 7 2013/03/14 4:11 PM www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free viii Governing cities.indd 8 2013/03/14 4:11 PM City profiles Compiled and edited by Margot Rubin and Sophie Didier Since the thematic chapters in this volume all draw comparisons between a number of cities, these city profiles are intended to provide readers with relevant background information about each. Each profile has been written by an author familiar with the specific city (or peri-urban settlement, in the case of Lanquedoc) and offers a historical overview, a demographic outline, a sense of the politics and government of the city as well as pertinent socio-economic, cultural and linguistic information. Maps locating the cities accompany the profiles. The 18 profiles and their authors are tabulated below. City Author Abidjan Jean-Fabien Steck Accra Yvette Ussher www.hsrcpress.ac.za Addis Ababa Axel Baudouin from Cape Town Julie Berg Conakry Odile Goerg Cotonou Denise Brégand download Dakar Séverine Awenengo Dalberto Free Ekurhuleni Philippe Gervais-Lambony eThekwini Margot Rubin Johannesburg Liela Groenewald Kano Racheed Olaniyi Lagos Rufus Akinyele Lanquedoc Kees van der Waal Lomé Amandine Spire Luanda Isabel Raposo Maputo Jeremy Grest Nairobi Sam Owuor Ouagadougou Hélène Quénot-Suarez ix Governing cities.indd 9 2013/03/14 4:11 PM Abidjan www.hsrcpress.ac.za from HISTORICAL OVERVIEW At the end of the 19th century, Abidjan was selected by France as its primary port on the Gulf of download Guinea.