Mallory Bateman Senior Research Analyst Shifting Foundations: A Contemporary History of Utah Households Utah’s signature demographics have long distinguished its households in the national context. Long-term social, economic, and demographic trends continue to shape Utah’s households over time. January 2021 411 East South Temple Street Salt Lake City, Utah 84111 801-585-5618 I gardner.utah.edu Table of Contents Analysis in Brief . 1 Figures Introduction . 2 Figure 1: Selection of Changes to the Decennial What is a household? .................................... 2 Census over Time ...................................... 2 The households and people counted by the Figure 2: Median Age of Householder in United Census Bureau has changed over time ................. 2 States and Utah, 1940 to 2010. 4 Context . 3 Figure 3: Average Household Size in Utah and the National Context, 1940 to 2010. 3 United States, 1940 to 2010 ............................ 5 Utah Context, 1940 to 2010 .............................. 4 Figure 4: Average Household Size in Utah and the Changing roles of women. 4 United States, 1940 to 2019 ............................ 6 Utah Household Basics . 5 Figure 5: Households by Size as a Share of Total Household size has decreased over time. ................. 5 Households in Utah and the United States, Rural and Urban changes to household size. 5 1980 to 2019 .......................................... 6 Why are Utah households so large? ....................... 6 Figure 6: Householder by Age Group in Utah and Demographic Differences in Utah Households . 7 United States, 1940 to 2010 ............................ 7 Age of Householder ...................................... 7 Figure 7: Household Types in Utah and the United States, Household by Race/Ethnicity since 1990 .................. 7 1960 to 2019 .......................................... 8 Family and Nonfamily Households . 8 Figure 8: Householder by Sex in Utah and the What is a family (according to the Census Bureau)? ........ 8 United States, 1940 to 2019 ............................ 9 Family households shifting in the overall balance of Figure 9: Nonfamily Households as a Share of households ............................................ 8 Total Households in Utah and the United States, The share of households with children is decreasing ...... 8 1970 to 2019 ......................................... 10 Householders have shifted. 9 Nonfamily households have increased over time ......... 10 Tables Conclusion . 11 Table 1: Utah Population and Households, 1890 to 2019 ... 5 Table 2: One-Person Households as Share of Total Households in Utah and the United States, 1940 to 2019 .......................................... 6 Table 3: Selected Household Characteristics of non-Hispanic White and Latino or Hispanic Households in Utah, 1990 to 2010 ...................... 7 Table 4: Households with Children Under 18 in Utah and the United States, 1960 to 2019 .....................9 4.38 4.5 100% 3.95 13.3% 90% 16.3% 4 21.6% 23.1% 23.7% 24.8% 4.11 3.58 3.62 3.4% 25.7% 3.46 80% 3.7% 3.1% 3.5 3.78 4.8% 3.3% 3.20 3.15 3.13 4.3% 3.10 3.08 6.1% 5.5% 6.4% 3.38 70% 7.6% 8.5% 3.29 25.1% 7.7% 3 7.8% 5.4% 3.11 60% 28.0% 27.0% 2.5 2.75 27.2% 2.63 2.59 2.61 50% 2.58 28.1% 27.4% 31.5% 2 40% 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 30% United States Utah 54.5% 47.7% 20% 41.9% 38.5% 35.0% 33.7% 34.0 29.0% 10% 32.0 Shifting Foundations: 0% 30.0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 A28.0 Contemporary History of Utah HouseholdsNonfamily Households Married couples without children Other Family Married couples with children 26.0 Single parents with children Analysis24.0 in Brief 22.0Utah’s signature demographics have long distinguished its Average Household Size in Rural and Urban Utah, Utah, households20.0 in the national context. Utah’s iconic ranking as and the United States having the1950 most1960 people per1970 household1980 remains1990 even2000 as broader2010 4.6 4.4 demographic trendsState have transformedUrban its communities.Rural Long 4.2 4.0 term changes in the composition and dynamics of households 3.8 reveal shifts in the fundamental demographics of Utah. 3.6 3.4 Historical decennial census data supplemented by the most 3.2 3.0 recent American Community Survey data illustrates how changes35.2% 2.8 31.9% 33.5% in Utah’s households follow29.8% national trends with a delay. While 2.6 26.8% 2.4 household sizes in Utah have been the largest in the nation since 2.2 2.0 the19.7% 1980 census, persons per household are decreasing. 25.7%While 23.5% 23.7% 24.8% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 21.6% Utah’s high share of married-couple households and large United States Utah Urban Utah Rural Utah families16.3% have driven this difference, its share of nonfamily Note: For 1940 rural populations, representation on the chart is the average of nonfarm households has increased over time. Increases in domestic and (4.05) and farm (4.58) rural persons per household. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census and 1-Year American Community international in-migration, greater urbanization, societal shifts, Survey Estimates 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 and new framing of what constitutes a family have all created impacts on the ‘traditional’Utah Utah household.United States Key Findings: • Since 1970, Utah has added over 725,000 new households, Household Types in Utah,United 1960States toHouseholds 2019 by Size growing from nearlyUtah 300,000 Households to over by Size one million. 4.38 100% 4.5 100% 5.6% • In both Utah and the nation, household growth has 6.7% 6.6% 6.5% 12.0% 12.2% 10.7% 10.7% 3.95 90% 7.6% 22.1% 13.3% 16.3% outpaced total population growth every decade since 1940. 4 90% 21.6% 23.1% 10.4% 9.8% 10.2% 10.3% 33.6% 80% 15.4% 15.1% 14.2% 23.7%13.4%24.8% 4.11 3.58 3.62 3.4% 25.7% • While the average Utah household size is the largest in the 3.1% 3.46 80%70% 3.7% 15.3% nation,15.9% it decreased14.9% from 4.015.9% in 1940 to15.1% 3.08 in 2019. This 3.5 3.78 4.8% 17.4%3.3% 16.5% 16.1% 3.20 3.15 3.13 17.4% 4.3% 3.10 3.08 60% 6.1% 5.5% 6.4% decline is the combined effect of declining fertility15.4% rates 3.38 70% 7.6% 8.5% 16.8% 15.6% 16.5% 16.0% 3 3.29 50% 25.1% 7.7% and increasing median age. 7.8% 5.4%34.3% 3.11 60% 28.0% 32.6% 32.8% 40% 31.3% 32.0% • Since the 1950s, the average household size in rural Utah 27.0% 31.9% 2.5 2.75 30% 27.2% 27.8% 28.5% 28.9% 29.3% 2.63 2.59 2.61 50% decreased significantly, converging with that of urban Utah. 2.58 28.1% 27.4% 20% 31.5% • In 1940, Utah’s share of one-person households was 2 40% 24.6% 25.8% 26.7% 28.3% 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 10% 22.7% similar17.2% to the nation’s18.9% at around17.8% 7%. By18.7% 2019, 19.2%19.2% of United States Utah 30%0% Utah households and 28.3% of households nationwide 54.5%1980 1990 2000 2010 2019* 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019* 47.7% were a single person. 20% 41.9% 38.5% 1-person 35.0%2-person 33.7% 3-person 4-person 5-person 6 or more 34.0 29.0% • Between 1940 and 2010, the addition of over 150,000 10% one-person households was responsible for 20% of overall 32.0 United States household growth. Utah 100%0% 30.0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 15.1% 15.0% • 13.3%Despite14.9% the stereotype14.9% of Utah 15.7%households being primarily 90% 17.5% 19.5% 20.1% 21.1% 17.2% 18.0% 17.1% 19.7% 28.0 Nonfamily Households Married couples21.8% without children21.7% those of large families, the reality is different. In 1960, over 80% Other Family Married couples with children 26.0 half of Utah households were married couples with children. Single parents with children 26.5% 70% 35.3% 33.0% 33.2% 26.0% 30.4% 24.0 42.5% 36.9% By 2019, this share had 33.4%fallen to less than one-third (29%). 36.9% 36.4% 31.4% 29.2% 33.6% 34.3% Source:60% U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census and 1-Year American Community Survey39.9% 22.0 Estimates 50% 20.0 INFORMED40% DECISIONSTM 1 gardner.utah.edu January 2021 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 4.6 45.1% I 30% 48.6% 43.8% 4.4 40.3% 43.8% 45.2% 44.6% 44.1% 39.3% State Urban Rural 4.2 47.5% 43.3% 40.5% 36.7% 40.2% 41.5% 4.020% 34.1% 3.8 3.610% 9.7% 12.8% 3.4 4.1% 4.7% 5.0% 7.2% 8.2% 5.1% 5.1% 4.2% 6.2% 7.5% 7.6% 7.4% 8.7% 6.6% 3.20% 3.0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 35.2% 2.8 31.9% 33.5% Under 25 25 to 44 45 to 64 65+ 29.8% 2.6 26.8% 2.4 2.2 2.0 19.7% US 24.8% 25.7% 1940Utah 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 23.5% 23.7% 1940 21.6% USUnited States Utah Urban Utah Rural Utah Utah 16.3% 1950 US Utah 1960 US Utah 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 1970 US Utah United States Utah 1980 US Utah 1990 United States Households by Size US Utah Households by Size Utah 100% 2000 5.6% 6.7% 6.6% 6.5% 12.0%US 12.2% 10.7% 10.7% 90% 7.6% 22.1% Utah 2010 (ACS) 10.4% 9.8% 10.2% 10.3% 33.6% 80% 15.4% 15.1% 14.2% 13.4% US Utah 2019 70% 15.3% (ACS) 15.9% 14.9% 15.9% 15.1% 16.5% 16.1% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 17.4% 17.4% 60% 15.4% 16.8% 15.6% 16.5% 16.0% Male Female 50% 34.3% 32.6% 32.8% 40% 31.3% 32.0% 31.9% 30% 27.8% 28.5% 28.9% 29.3% 20% 24.6% 25.8% 26.7% 28.3% 10% 22.7% 17.2% 18.9% 17.8% 18.7% 19.2% 0% 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019* 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019* 1-person 2-person 3-person 4-person 5-person 6 or more United States Utah 100% 15.1% 15.0% 13.3% 14.9% 14.9% 15.7% 17.1% 90% 17.5% 19.5% 20.1% 21.8% 21.1% 21.7% 17.2% 18.0% 19.7% 80% 70% 35.3% 33.0% 26.5% 26.0% 42.5% 36.9% 33.2% 33.4% 30.4% 36.9% 36.4% 31.4% 29.2% 33.6% 34.3% 60% 39.9% 50% 40% 45.1% 48.6% 30% 40.3% 45.2% 44.6% 44.1% 39.3% 43.8% 47.5% 43.3% 40.5% 36.7% 43.8% 40.2% 41.5% 20% 34.1% 10% 12.8% 7.2% 8.2% 7.5% 7.6% 9.7% 7.4% 8.7% 6.6% 0% 4.1% 4.7% 5.0% 5.1% 5.1% 4.2% 6.2% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Under 25 25 to 44 45 to 64 65+ US Utah 1940 US Utah 1950 US Utah 1960 US Utah 1970 US Utah 1980 US Utah 1990 US Utah 2000 US Utah 2010 (ACS) US Utah 2019 (ACS) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Male Female Introduction While medians and averages reveal general trends in residential structure.