ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION THE CASE OF ADAMA II WIND FARM. BY: GETACHEW TAFESSE MARCH, 2019 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA. 1 Environmental and Socioeconomic Effects of Wind Energy production The Case of Adama II Wind Farm. A Thesis Submitted to Department of Geography and Environmental Studies of Addis Ababa University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Art ( Climate Change and Human Adaptation ). By Getachew Tafesse Advisor: Dr. Assefa Abegaz March, 2019 Addis Ababa 2 Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis entitled Environmental and Socioeconomic Effects of Wind Energy Production The Case of Adama II Wind Farm. is prepared by Getachew Tafesse and submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Arts (Geography and Environmental Studies, Specialization: Climate Change and Adaptation) complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the examining committee: External Examiner __________________ Signature___________ Date _____________ Internal Examiner __________________ Signature___________ Date ______________ Advisor __________________________ Signature __________ Date ______________ ___________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator 3 Statement of declaration First I declare that this thesis is my work and that all sources of materials used in this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for M.A degree at Addis Ababa University and is deposited in the University library to be made available to borrow under rules of the library. I solemnly declared that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The heavenly God deserves the first word of thanks for all achievement which I have attended in my whole life. I would like to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to my advisor Dr.Assefa Abegaz for his professional guidance and constructive comments through my research work. I am gratefully acknowledge Adama II wind farm office plant manager Ato Melaku Teferea and project manager; Ato Mohamed Awel who most helpful and corporative during my field survey, Ato Shawel Adama wereda Administrative office; and NMA for providing me meteorological data. I am most deeply grateful to my beloved wife Welela Kebede for helping me to strive towards the realization of my potentials, encouragement, financial and moral support. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Chala Bonsa ,Dr.Yenenhe Mulugeta Solomon Tena, Ato Kibret Getahun Ahemed Hamid , Belete Tafesse and Sebsibe Zubera for their direct or indirect contribution to the completion of this Thesis. i TABLE OF CONTENT Contents Page Acronyms and Abbreviating ......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the study .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statements of the Problem ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Research Question ................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Objective of the Study ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1. General Objective ...........................................................................................................5 1.3.2. Specific Objective ..........................................................................................................5 1.4. Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................ 5 1.5. Scope of the study ................................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................................ 6 1.7. Organization of the paper ........................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 7 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Renewable Energy in Ethiopia................................................................................................. 7 2.2. Hydro Power and Wind Complement each other .................................................................... 8 2.3. Prospect of Renewable Resource as A Source of Energy ..................................................... 10 2.4. Wind ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.1. Energy in the wind .......................................................................................................11 2.4.2. Density of Air. ..............................................................................................................11 2.4.3. Rotor Area ....................................................................................................................11 ii 2.4.4. Wind Speeds and Variability ........................................................................................12 2.4.5. Wind Speed Levels .......................................................................................................13 2.4.6. Wind Rose ....................................................................................................................14 2.4.7. Wind Energy and the Environment ..............................................................................15 2.4.8. Some Problems of Wind Turbine .................................................................................15 2.4.9. Shadow Flicker .............................................................................................................16 2.4.10. Ethiopian Wind Energy Resource ..............................................................................17 2.4.11. Carbon Reduction Potential ........................................................................................21 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 22 DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA METHODS AND MATERIALS ............................... 22 3.1 Description of the Study Area ................................................................................................. 22 3.1.1. Location ........................................................................................................................22 3.1.2. Topography ..................................................................................................................23 3.2. Sample Survey and Sampling Methods ................................................................................. 28 3.2.1. Selection of the study villages ......................................................................................28 3.2.2. Selection of Sample Households and Questionnaire Administration...........................29 3.3. Key Informant Interview and Field Observation ................................................................... 29 3.4. Secondary Data ...................................................................................................................... 30 3.5. Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.6. Daily energy production ........................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 32 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 32 4.1. General Demographic Characteristics of Sample Household ................................................ 32 4.2. Distance Between Wind Turbine ........................................................................................... 40 4.3. Adama II Energy production ................................................................................................. 44 iii 4.4. Daily Energy Production........................................................................................................ 46 4.5. Wind Farm Establishment and Trend of Livestock Population ........................................... 50 4.7. Respondents Perception about fertility of their farm land ....................................................