RETHINKING THE ARCHITECTURE OF INCARCERATION: A PROPOSED PRE-RELEASE CENTRE FOR FEMALE OFFENDERS IN DURBAN BY: Nadia Goga SUPERVISED BY: LAWRENCE OGUNSANYA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE TO THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND HOUSING UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA 2015 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES DECLARATION - PLAGIARISM I, Nadia Goga, declare that: 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Signed ……………………………………………………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express gratitude to the following people for their assistance in the production of this dissertation: My supervisor Mr Lawrence Ogunsanya for his support, encouragement and aid throughout the year My publishing supervisor Dr S Maharaj for his immense patience and continual assistance The Department of Correctional Services for their authorisation to conduct the research ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this to the imprisoned women who have suffered long after the end of their sentences. & To my incredible parents Ferah and Afzal Goga who have supported me throughout this entire experience, thank you for all your love and encouragement. iii ABSTRACT It is beyond the scope of the present brief to appraise the degree of failure regarding the idea of imprisonment or to uncover a universal prototype for all incarcerative facilities. Therefore the focus of this dissertation will pertain directly to the rehabilitation and reintegration of women in prison through the built form, with specific emphasis in dealing with the psychological repercussions that the correctional environment incurs. The research study identifies rehabilitation and reintegration as key strategies for lowering the recidivism rate of offenders and attempts to understand the complex incarcerative subculture that exists in order to facilitate change. Criminological theories linked to the key strategies include: Panopticism, the theory of rehabilitation and the institutional theory. Here the interest leans toward current and dated methods of reform. The search for characteristics which constitute an effective facility that will seek to ready the offender for release will drive the design process and create a resource for forward-thinking, small scale, correctional and pre-release facilities for women. The dissertation includes issues which have come to dominate discussions surrounding incarceration and a response to the commonly asked question: should incarcerative facilities be moving toward rehabilitation rather than punishment? Corresponding qualitative research involving both local and global institutions is conducted in order to provide a multifaceted understanding of the existing state of South African correctional facilities and contemporary interpretations aligned with positive change worldwide. Findings through observational analysis and interviews with correctional personnel will be used to inform the outcome of the research which confirms that there is a definite need for an emphasis to be placed on the re-entry process of offenders. It also indicates that while South African penal policies are largely progressive, facilities in which offenders are imprisoned remain outdated, ultimately revealing an environment that is unfavourable towards rehabilitation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION................................................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION..................................................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................................................v-x LIST OF FIGURES………................................................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF TABLES...……….................................................................................................................................................xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ………....................................................................................................................................xii DISSERTATION DOCUMENT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1-17 1.1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.2. MOTIVATION/ JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY ............................................................................................................... 3 1.3. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………...4-7 1.3.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………..……4 1.3.2. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM:………………………………………………………...………………………………4-6 1.3.3. KEY QUESTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 1.3.4. RESEARCH SUB-QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………………………..……….6 1.3.5. THE AIM OF THE STUDY .....……………………………………………………………………………………………….6 1.3.6. OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6-7 1.4. SETTING OUT THE SCOPE/ DELINEATION .......................................................................................................... 7-8 1.4.1. DELIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................................................................... 7 1.4.2. STATING THE ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.5. DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….8-10 v 1.6. RESEARCH METHODS AND MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………….11-15 1.6.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11 1.6.2. QUALITATIVE STUDY………………………………………………………………………………………….……….11-12 1.6.3. SAMPLING METHODS………………………………………………………………………………………………....12-13 1.6.4. SAMPLE POPULATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….13 1.6.5. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………13-14 1.6.6. VALIDITY, RELIABILITY AND RIGOR………………………………………………...……………………………….14-15 1.6.7. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.7. DISSERTATION FRAMEWORK …………………………………………………………………………………………15-17 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………………….18-49 2.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 18-19 2.2. PRISON TYPOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 19-20 2.2.1. PRISON MODELS…………………………………………………………………………………………...…………..21-26 2.3. WOMEN IN PRISON ………………………………………………………………………………………………………26-32 2.3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 26-27 2.3.2. WOMEN AND CHILDREN .................................................................................................................................. 28-29 2.3.3. CRIMES COMPARED TO MEN .............................................................................................................................. 29 2.3.4. FAMILY & BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 29-30 2.3.5. SELF-ESTEEM ................................................................................................................................................... .30-31 2.3.6. ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................................................................................. 31 2.4. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................