Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Jelena Mamčenko Lecture Notes On OPERATING SYSTEMS Code FMITB01001 Course title Operating Systems Course volume 4,0 cr. (6,00 ECTS cr.) Teaching methods (Full-time, daytime studies): Lectures - 32 h per semestre Laboratory works - 32 h per semestre Individual work - 96 h per semestre Assesment - Examination Course aim: Understandig of Operating System's functions. Course description: Concept of operating system. Control the activities and resourses of computer. Interpreting comands. Coordinating activities. Operating systems MS-DOS, OS/2, UNIX. Networking. Jelena Mamčenko Operating Systems CONTENT 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2 History of Operating Systems ................................................................................................................ 6 3 A history of personal computers ............................................................................................................ 8 4 Configuration........................................................................................................................................ 10 5 Display.................................................................................................................................................. 11 6 Motherboard ......................................................................................................................................... 11 7 Central processing unit ......................................................................................................................... 11 8 Primary storage..................................................................................................................................... 12 8.1 Technology and history ................................................................................................................ 13 9 Expansion card ..................................................................................................................................... 13 9.1 History of the expansion card ....................................................................................................... 13 10 Power supply .................................................................................................................................... 14 11 Computer power supply ................................................................................................................... 15 11.1 Domestic mains adaptors.............................................................................................................. 16 11.2 Linear power supply ..................................................................................................................... 16 11.3 Switched-mode power supply ...................................................................................................... 16 12 Optical disc ....................................................................................................................................... 17 12.1 First-generation optical discs........................................................................................................ 17 12.2 Second-generation optical discs ................................................................................................... 17 12.3 Third-generation optical discs ...................................................................................................... 18 13 Secondary storage............................................................................................................................. 18 14 Computer keyboard .......................................................................................................................... 18 15 Mouse (computing) .......................................................................................................................... 19 16 Main memory ................................................................................................................................... 20 17 Hard disk drive ................................................................................................................................. 20 18 Graphics - Video card....................................................................................................................... 20 19 Disk operating system ...................................................................................................................... 21 19.1 History of DOS ............................................................................................................................. 21 20 Examples of disk operating systems that were extensions to the OS ............................................... 22 21 Examples of Disk Operating Systems that were the OS itself ......................................................... 22 22 Input/Output System......................................................................................................................... 23 23 Command Syntax ............................................................................................................................. 25 23.1 Checking the Disk ........................................................................................................................ 28 23.2 Backing Up a Floppy Disk ........................................................................................................... 28 Lecture Notes on Operating Systems 2 Jelena Mamčenko Operating Systems 23.3 Erasing Files ................................................................................................................................. 29 23.4 Renaming Files ............................................................................................................................. 29 23.5 Copying Files ............................................................................................................................... 29 24 Subdirectory Introduction................................................................................................................. 31 25 Subdirectory Review ........................................................................................................................ 34 26 BATCH FILES ................................................................................................................................. 34 26.1 AUTOEXEC.BAT ....................................................................................................................... 41 27 Data structure in disk. ....................................................................................................................... 45 27.1 Disk Structure and Partitions ........................................................................................................ 45 27.2 Disk tracks, cylinders, and sectors ............................................................................................... 45 27.3 Cylinder group .............................................................................................................................. 46 27.4 Physical disk structure .................................................................................................................. 46 28 File systems ...................................................................................................................................... 47 29 FAT12 .............................................................................................................................................. 51 30 Initial FAT16 .................................................................................................................................... 51 30.1 Final FAT16 ................................................................................................................................. 52 30.2 Long File Names (VFAT, LFNs) ................................................................................................. 52 30.3 FAT32 .......................................................................................................................................... 52 30.4 FAT and Alternate Data Streams ................................................................................................. 53 30.5 Main disk structures ..................................................................................................................... 54 31 File Allocation Table ........................................................................................................................ 56 32 Floppy disk ....................................................................................................................................... 57 33 AUTOEXEC.BAT ........................................................................................................................... 58 34 CONFIG.SYS ................................................................................................................................... 58 34.1 Example CONFIG.SYS file for DOS .......................................................................................... 59 35 Computer software ........................................................................................................................... 59 35.1 Relationship to hardware .............................................................................................................