Statistical books Panorama of Energy Energy statistics to support EU policies and solutions 2007 edition EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMISSION Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007 ISBN 92-79-03894-X Cat. No. KS-76-06-604-EN-N (Cat. No. printed publication KS-76-06-604-EN-C) Theme: Environment and energy Collection: Statistical books © European Communities, 2007 chapter1_panoramaenergy.qxp 16/03/2007 16:09 Page 2 Statistical books Panorama of Energy Energy statistics to support EU policies and solutions 2007 edition EUROPEAN COMMISSION chapter1_panoramaenergy.qxp 16/03/2007 16:09 Page 2 chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:09 Page 1 Foreword Energy has become an item of top priority on the political agenda. The increase in energy prices, the interruption of Russian natural gas imports in early 2006, the impact of energy market liberalisation, the impact of energy consumption on the environment and the entry in force of the Kyoto protocol have all made the energy situation a focal point of attention. Not surprisingly, the general public is increasingly concerned with the EU energy situation. Both politicians and European citizens are reflecting on the best road forward to ensure a stable and environmentally friendly supply of energy for the future. There is a clear need for a comprehensive informative overview of the EU situation which this publication aims to fulfil. It endeavours to answer a broad range of questions relating to both the energy situation and EU policy using the latest official statistical data available at Eurostat. We hope that this publication will contribute to a wider understanding of the EU energy situation, energy policy, and in particular help to face challenges in the field of energy statistics. Peter Bekx Director Business Statistics chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:09 Page 2 Project Management: Roeland Mertens Publication Management: Jelle Bosch Authors: Jelle Bosch Francis X. Johnson Roeland Mertens Nikos Roubanis Pekka Loesoenen Antigone Gikas John Görten Internal reviewers: Peter Tavoularidis Roeland Mertens Nikos Roubanis Pekka Loesoenen Antigone Gikas Ruxandra Roman Enescu Desktop publishing: Céline Lagrost For further information: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu Other comments and questions: Peter Tavoularidis, Head-of-Unit Energy Statistics Tel. (+352) 4301 33023 [email protected] chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:09 Page 3 Table of Contents Chapter 1: A general image of energy in the EU . .1 1.1 Energy profiles . .3 Introduction . .3 1.1.1 Energy profile of the EU-25 . .5 1.1.2 Belgium . .11 1.1.3 Czech Republic . .15 1.1.4 Denmark . .19 1.1.5 Germany . .23 1.1.6 Estonia . .27 1.1.7 Ireland . .31 1.1.8 Greece . .35 1.1.9 Spain . .39 1.1.10 France . .45 1.1.11 Italy . .49 1.1.12 Cyprus . .53 1.1.13 Latvia . .55 1.1.14 Lithuania . .59 1.1.15 Luxembourg . .63 1.1.16 Hungary . .67 1.1.17 Malta . .71 1.1.18 Netherlands . .73 1.1.19 Austria . .75 1.1.20 Poland . .79 1.1.21 Portugal . .83 1.1.22 Slovenia . .87 1.1.23 Slovakia . .91 1.1.24 Finland . .95 1.1.25 Sweden . .99 1.1.26 United Kingdom . .103 1.2 Energy prices . .107 Chapter 2: European Union energy policies . .119 Introduction . .121 2.1 Overview and historical background . .123 2.2 Completing the Internal energy markets . .125 2.3 Towards a sustainable power sector . .126 2.4 Energy for transport . .130 2.5 Stable and secure energy supply . .131 2.6 Managing energy demand . .132 2.7 Climate change policy . .133 2.8 External policy . .133 Chapter 3: Recent development in EU Energy Statistics. 135 Introduction . .137 3.1 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation . .139 3.2 Renewable energy . .145 3.3 Temperature correction of final energy consumption . .153 chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:09 Page 4 chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:13 Page 1 Chapter 1 A general image of energy in the EU chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:13 Page 2 chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:13 Page 3 Energy profiles - Introduction 1.1 Energy profiles Introduction With 25 Member States (27 from 2007) the European Union encompasses a wealth of diversity which is far more than cultural; the economic situation in each of the Member States shows considerable differences. Consequently, in this publication on energy we give a short description not only on the energy situation of the EU as a whole, but also of the individual members. We hope that this may offer the reader an insight into the specificities of Member States, and therewith also into the challenge of building EU energy policies to suit all, and on which we will concentrate in the next chapter. Data used for the country overviews are Eurostat 2004 data, unless stated otherwise; we used many national sources both for data and for policies and wherever applicable these sources will be referenced. 3 chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:13 Page 4 chapter1_panoramaenergy_080507.qxp 08/05/2007 15:13 Page 5 Energy profiles of the EU-25 1.1.1 Energy profile of the EU-25 The opening of energy markets across the EU during the Figure 1.1.1: Gross inland consumption past 10-15 years marks a transition from a heterogeneous by fuel collection of national energy systems to an integrated system in which supply and demand can be more efficiently balanced for the benefit of the whole Community. Other Innovative energy efficiency programs have contributed to Biomass reductions in energy intensity and stimulated the 4% 1% Hard coal/lignite development of new products and services. The Nuclear 18% liberalisation of energy markets in combination with 15% strategies and targets for environmental sustainability are key tools in the energy transition that is underway in the EU. Hydro 2% The current energy structure within the EU remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels, including a significant amount of imported oil and gas. A reduction in the reliance on imported fossil fuels is a vital element in the transition to a sustainable and secure energy system; this transition is already reflected in the.