THE BATS OF WHEAT-RICE BASED AGROECOSYSTEM OF PUNJAB BY MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ Regd. No. 2007-VA-573 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN WILDLIFE AND ECOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND ECOLOGY FACULTY OF FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2013 The Controller of Examinations, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore. We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of the thesis, submitted by Muhammad Shahbaz, Registration No. 2007-VA-573 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for the evaluation by the External Examination (s) for award of the Degree. Chairman ___________________________ Dr. Arshad Javid Member ____________________________ Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum Member ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii List of Tables iv List of Figures v CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................. 6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Species Account ........................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1. Rousettus leschenaulti …………………………………………………….……...13 2.1.2. Rhinolophus lepidus …….…………………..………………………..…………..14 2.1.3. Rhinolophus blasii ……………………………………………………………….14 2.1.4. Scotophilus heathii………………………………………………………..............15 2.1.5. Pipistrellus paterculus…………………………………………..……..………….......15 2.1.6. Pipistrellus javanicus…………………...……………………….....……………..16 2.1.7. Pipistrellus tenuis ….…………...……………………………..………………….16 2.1.8. Pipistrellus ceylonicus……………………………………………………………17 2.1.9. Scotozous dormeri ……….…………………………………………….…………18 2.1.10. Scotoecus pallidus….…………………………………………………………....18 2.2. Statement of Problem.....……………………………………………………………19 LITERATURE CITIED…………….………………………………………...……………20 CHAPTER 3…...…………………………………………..………………………………..31 Experiment No. 3.1. Morphometrics of fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) from Lahore, Pakistan……………………………………………........………....…..33 Experiment No. 3.2. First record of Blyth’s horseshoe bat, Rhinolopus lepidus from Punjab, Pakistan …………………………………………..…………………………47 Experiment No. 3.3. The Blasius’ horseshoe bat Rhinolophus blasii (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) still extend to Pakistan …………...…………………………………60 Experiment No. 3.4. Recent Record of Scotophilus heathii from wheat-rice based agroecosystem of Punjab …..…………………….…………………………...……...68 Experiment No. 3.5. Bat fauna of genus Pipistrellus from wheat-rice based agroecosystem of Punjab, Pakistan wheat-rice based agroecosystem of Punjab….....77 Experiment No. 3.6. Recent Record of Desert Yellow House Bat, Scotoecus pallidus (Order Chiroptera) from Punjab, Pakistan……….…………………………...……...90 CHAPTER 4…………………….……………………………………………….…….……99 Summary……………………………………...……………………………………...99 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises and thanks are due to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, Who is the Supreme and Eternal, Who is the Most Merciful, and Beneficent, Who created me in a race of human beings and most important, in Muslim community. I humbly pay my respect to The Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad Mustafa (Peace be upon him), who is the most perfect and excellent personality amongst ever born persons on the surface of earth, I humbly pray to my Lord grant us right love for His messenger and grant right obedience to his sayings, who is the greatest social reformer and who directed the people to acquire knowledge wherever it is. This tough task of completion of my PhD degree was not possible without the assistance, guidance and cooperation of my supervisor Dr. Arshad Javid, Assistant Professor, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, who is God gift for Department of Wildlife and Ecology. He is very sincere, responsive personality in this department. He is always ready to help the students with anything, anywhere, anytime and grant excellent advices and thought-provoking instructions in conducting research activities. I am grateful to my Co-Supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum, Assistant Professor, Department of Wildlife and Ecology and Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, Dean, Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for their skillful guidance and critical insight. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram, Ex-Dean, Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife for his keen interest in my research work. Special thanks to all my friends and colleagues for their well wishes and cordial cooperation during whole study period. My sincerest thanks are extended to my father Haji Nassrullah Khan, who always inspired me to higher ideas of life. At last but not least I would like to acknowledge the prayers and well wishes of my family members, my sisters, my brothers, especially my sweet daughter, Ayesha Shahbaz and my wife, Nazir Fatima who suffered a lot during whole course of this study. They taught, loved and supported me to achieve higher goals in my life. Their concern in me can never be fully returned but will always be remembered. ii The financial support by the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan (Pin Code Bm4-314) for the completion of my PhD degree is highly acknowledged. Muhammad Shahbaz iii LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. Mean external body, cranial and bacular measurements (mm) of 3.1.1. Rousettus leschenaultii captured from Badian, Lahore. (n is the 40 number of specimens). Comparison of mean external body and cranial measurements of 3.1.2. Rousettus leschenaultii (I = Roberts (1977), II = Bates and Harrison 41 (1997), III = Present study). Body weight (g), external body, cranial and bacular measurements 3.2.1. (mm) of Rhinolophus lepidus (mean and range when at least two 58 specimens were recorded) captured from Rasul Nagar, Gujranwala. External, cranial and bacular measurements (in mm, except weight 3.3.1. in g) of Rhinolophus blasii (mean and range when at least two 67 specimens were recorded). Sampling sites in three districts of wheat-rice based agroecosystem 3.4.1. 71 of Punjab. Body mass (g), external body, cranial and bacular measurements (mm) of Scotophilus heathii captured from wheat-rice based 3.4.2. 76 agroecosystem of Punjab, Pakistan (mean ± standard deviation (minimum - maximum) (n is the number of specimens). Netting stations in three districts of wheat-rice based agro- 3.5.1. 86 ecosystem of Punjab. Mean body mass (g) and external body measurements (mm) of six species of genus Pipistrellus captured from wheat rice based 3.5.2. 87 agroecosystems of Punjab, Pakistan (1 = Present study; 2 = Bates and Harrison 1997). Mean cranial measurements (mm) of six species of genus 3.5.3. Pipistrellus captured from wheat rice based agroecosystems of 88 Punjab, Pakistan (1 = Present study; 2 = Bates and Harrison 1997). Comparison of external body, cranial and bacular measurements of 3.6.1. Scotoecus pallidus captured during present study with Roberts 98 (1997) and Bates and Harrison (1997). iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. 3.1.1. Cranial features of Rousettus leschenaulti captured from Lahore 41 3.1.2. Baculum of Rousettus leschenaulti captured from Lahore 41 Photographs showing (a) external view of the temple where the 3.2.1. Rhinolophus lepidus are roosting, (b) inner view, (c) facial 59 features of R. Lepidus Photograph of the baculum of Rhinolophus vepidus showing its 3.2.2. 59 shape Noseleaf (a) and baculum (b) of R. blasii from Manawa (Lahore, 3.3.1. 66 Pakistan) 3.4.1. Baculum of Scotophilus heathii showing its shape 73 Bacula of P. pipistrellus (a), P. dormeri (b), P. tenuis (c), P. 3.5.1. 89 ceylonicus (d), P. javanicus (e), P. paterculus (f) v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Present survey on diversity and distribution of bat fauna of wheat rice based agro-ecosystem of Punjab was conducted in three districts namely Gujranwala, Hafizabad and Mandi Bhaudin. The areas in close vicinity of these districts were also explored for collection of various bat species. These districts lie 200 meters above sea level, hot and semi-arid climate prevails and temperature reaches 36-42 °C during summer (June to September). June is the hottest month with maximum and minimum temperatures of 40º C and 27º C, respectively. The coldest months are usually November to February, when the temperature drops to an average of 7 °C. January is the coldest month. The maximum and minimum temperatures during this month are 19º C and 5º C, respectively. The highest precipitation months are July and August and average annual rainfall is 888 millimeters. Major crops of the area are wheat, rice, potato, sugarcane, barley, corn and millt etc. and fruits are guava and citrus. Eastern part of the study area receives more rain. Most popular trees of the area are beri (Ziziphus jabutus), popular (popolus spp), simbol (Bombax malabarium), banyan (Ficus benghalesis), dharaik (Smelia azedarach), sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), kikar (Acacia arabica,