ISSN 0067-7892 Bibliotheca Botanica Original Contributions to Botany, founded in 1886 Edited by H. W. Lack, Berlin, P. Leins, Heidelberg and S. Porembski, Rostock Volume 159 Arno Wörz Revision of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae-Saniculoideae): General part and Palaearctic species pages Sample E Schweizerbart Science Publishers eschweizerbart_XXX BIBLIOTHECA BOTANICA, VOLUME 159 Sample pages BIBLIOTHECA BOTANICA Original Contributions to Botany Edited by H. W. Lack, Berlin; P. Leins, Heidelberg and S. Porembski, Rostock Volume 159 Arno Wörz Revision of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae-Saniculoideae): General part and Palaearctic species with 84 text-figures, 41 tables and 12 plates Sample pages Schweizerbart Science Publishers Stuttgart • 2011 Contents 1 Contents Preface.................................................................................. 5 Abstract................................................................................. 6 I General part: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Evolution (6) ..................................... 9 1. Introduction ........................................................................ 9 2. History of Illustration and Research in Eryngium .......................................... 10 3. Material and Methods ............................................................... 14 3.1 Nomenclature and Herbarium Studies .............................................. 14 3.2 Phytosociological Methods ...................................................... 14 3.3DistributionMaps.............................................................. 14 3.4 Chromosome Numbers .......................................................... 15 3.5 Fruit Anatomical and Petal Morphological Studies .................................... 15 3.6 Cladistic and Systematic Methods ................................................. 19 4. Reproductive biology ................................................................ 32 5. The Characters and their Taxonomic Values .............................................. 33 5.1 Morphological and Anatomical Characters .......................................... 33 5.1.1 The Habits and Life Forms ..................................................... 33 5.1.2 Rhizomes and Tubers ...................................................... 33 5.1.3 Aerial Stems ............................................................. 33 5.1.4 Basal Leaves ............................................................. 33 5.1.5 Cauline Leaves ........................................................... 36 5.1.6 Leaf Sheaths ............................................................. 37 5.1.7 Stomata Types ........................................................... 37 5.1.8 Collenchyma ............................................................. 37 5.1.9 Capitula, Inflorescences, and Synflorescences ................................... 37 5.1.10 Involucral leaves ........................................................ 37 5.1.11 Bracts ................................................................. 38 5.1.12 Sepals ................................................................. 38 5.1.13 Petals ................................................................. 39 5.1.14 Nectarium .............................................................. 39 5.1.15 Pollen ................................................................. 44 5.1.16 Mericarps .............................................................. 44 5.1.16.1 General ........................................................... 44 5.1.16.2 Carpell layers and structures .......................................... 44 5.1.16.3 Oil Ducts and Bundles ............................................... 44 5.1.16.4 Inclusions ......................................................... 47 5.1.16.5Sample Relictual Carpophor ................................................. pages 47 5.1.16.6 Wings ............................................................ 47 5.1.16.7 Scales ............................................................ 47 5.1.16.8 Lignified Mesocarp ................................................. 48 5.1.16.9 Classification of Eryngium byFruitAnatomy............................. 49 5.1.17 Seedlings .............................................................. 51 5.2 Chemical Characteristics ........................................................ 51 5.3 Cytological Characteristics ....................................................... 56 5.3.1 Results and General Remarks ............................................... 56 5.3.2 Discussion and Evolutionary Trends .......................................... 56 5.4 Ecological Characteristics ........................................................67 5.4.1 General ................................................................. 67 2 Contents 5.4.2 The Habitat Types ......................................................... 67 5.4.3 Discussion of the ecological characteristics ..................................... 74 6. Nomenclature and Description of the genus Eryngium L. ....................................76 7. Eryngium: Classification and Evolution ................................................. 77 7.1 The Position of Eryngium withintheSaniculoideae ................................... 77 7.2 The Subgeneric Classification .................................................... 77 7.3CladisticAnalysis.............................................................. 79 7.3.1 General ................................................................. 79 7.3.2 Cladistic analysis of Subg. Eryngium ......................................... 81 7.3.3 The clade of Subg. Ilicifolia ................................................. 81 7.3.4 The cladistic analysis of subgg Foetida, Monocotyloidea, and Semiaquatica ........... 81 7.4 Comparison with Molecular Results ............................................... 86 7.5 Fossil Records ................................................................ 88 7.6 Biogeography ................................................................. 88 8. Sectional classification and keys ....................................................... 91 8.1 Division of Eryngium into subgenera ............................................... 91 8.2 Division of Eryngium subg. Eryngium into sections ................................... 91 8.3 Division of the sections of Eryngium subg. Eryngium into species ........................ 92 8.4 Description of the anomalous Eryngium sect. Aquifolia and the division of this section into species ................................................................... 96 8.5 Description of Eryngium subg. Ilicifolia and the division of this subgenus into species ........ 97 8.6 Division of Eryngium subg. Semiaquatica into species ................................. 97 8.7 Division of the European and North African species of Eryngium subg. Semiaquatica ........ 98 II Systematic treatment of the Eurasian and North African Species .............................. 99 9. Eryngium subg. Eryngium ............................................................ 99 E. alpinum L. .................................................................... 99 E. amethystinum L. ............................................................... 112 var. tenuifolium Boiss.&Heldr.inBoiss............................................114 var. transiens (Halácsy) A.Wörz................................................. 114 E. amorginum Rech.f. ............................................................ 137 E. antiatlanticum Jury ............................................................ 140 E. aquifolium Cav. ............................................................... 143 var. barbarum Jahand.&Maire ................................................. 145 E. billardierei F.Delaroche ........................................................ 148 E. bithynicum Boiss............................................................... 155 E. bornmuellerii Nábělek .......................................................... 159 E. bourgatii Gouan............................................................... 161 var. bourgatii ................................................................ 162 var. atlanticumSampleBall in Hook.f. .................................................. pages 162 E. bungei Boiss. ................................................................. 176 E. caeruleum M.Bieb............................................................. 180 E. caespitiferum FontQuer&Pau................................................... 189 E. campestre L................................................................... 189 var. virens (Link)Weiss........................................................ 192 E. carlinoides Boiss............................................................... 214 E. creticum Lam. ................................................................ 217 E. davisii Kit Tan & Yıldız ......................................................... 226 E. desertorum Zohary............................................................. 229 E. dichotomum Desf. ............................................................. 231 E. dilatatum Lam. ................................................................ 235 Contents 3 E. duriaei GayexBoiss............................................................ 242 subsp. juresianum (Lainz) Lainz ................................................. 242 E. falcatum F.Delaroche .......................................................... 246 E. giganteum M.Bieb.............................................................