PERIOD 3 CIVILIZATIONS! UMAYYAD EMPIRE ● Family of Muslim rulers that followed the four “rightly guided” caliphs ● Ruled the Muslim World from 661-750 CE ● Expanded the Muslim World across North Africa and into Spain ● Moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Damascus ● Abandoned simple life of previous caliphs; displayed their wealth and were more ceremonial that previous Muslim leaders ● Controversial nature helped further the Sunni-Shia split in Islam ● Rejected by the Sufi and Shia alike ● Supported by the Sunni ● Established a caliphate in Spain- the extraordinary state of al-Andalus with the city Cordoba showcased Muslim culture ABBASID EMPIRE ● Followed the Umayyad family in ruling much of the Muslim world; ruled from 750-1258 CE ● Moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Baghdad ● Greatly expanded Islam through commerce along the Indian Ocean trade route ● Money flowing in from trade was used to construct mosques and advance science, mathematics, and philosophy ● Baghdad became a center of learning where the texts of Greece, Rome, India, and Persia were translated into Arabic. ● Set the stage for later European learning ● Invented algebra ● Made many advances in medicine ● Struggled to maintain control of the Muslim empire- various regions broke apart, but stayed in power until the Mongols overran them BYZANTINE EMPIRE ● Christianity unified the Eastern Roman Empire ● Carried on the traditions and glory of Rome for 1000 years after the fall of the Roman Empire ● Justinian attempted to reclaim lost Roman territory, update Roman laws (Justinian Code) ● Greek was spoken instead of Latin ● Built the Hagia Sophia ● Preserved Greco-Roman culture ● Nika Rebellion violently crushed by Belisarius (Justinian’s best general) ● Plague of Justinian- first bout of the Bubonic Plague ● Territory shrank due to foreign attack; Constantinople fell in 1453 (ending the empire) ● In 1054, became united under the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity as the Great Schism split the world of Christendom due to differences with the west ● Caesaropapism- Emperor was over the Patriarch (controlled Church and state) ● Expanded Eastern Orthodox Christianity to the Slavic people of Russia ● Cyril and Methodius developed the Cyrillic alphabet to spread Orthodox Christianity to Slavic people RUSSIA ● First society formed from the interaction of Slavic, Viking, and Byzantine people ● Novgorod was the first important city ● Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity ● Conquered by the Mongols (the only group to successfully conquer this land) from 1240-1480 ● Mongol rule isolated this land from the advancements of the Commercial Revolution and Renaissance in Europe ● Moscow had become a major economic, political, and cultural center by the 1300s ● Ivan III took the name czar, wanted to make Russia the Third Rome ● Ivan III oversaw the break with the Mongol Empire in 1480 MONGOL EMPIRE ● Fierce nomadic warriors from the Eurasian steppes ● Continued the tradition of the Xiongnu and Huns ● Expert horse riders ● Genghis Khan united the loosely organized clans into a powerful warring unit ● Established the largest land-based empire of all time (from Korea to Eastern Europe) ● Empire divided into four khanates: Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate, and Khanate of the Great Khan. ● Religiously tolerant ● Demanded tribute (pay taxes) from subject people ● Pax Mongolica: guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans and missionaries ● Diffused ideas and innovations from China to the west across the empire ● Believed to have helped diffuse the Black Death ● Promoted people based on merit, not birth ● Placed people where they would be best used throughout the empire ● Failed to conquer Japan SELJUK TURKS ● First group of Turkish people to become powerful and influential on the world scene ● Took much power from the Abbasid caliphs ● Formerly nomadic people known for their military skills; converted to Islam ● Controlled Anatolia through military strength ● Persian city of Isfahan chosen as the capital city of the kingdom ● Looked to Persians for cultural and religious guidance ● Confronted the Christian Crusaders in the Holy Land ● Took much land from the Byzantine Empire ● Reclaimed Jerusalem after the first Crusade; Saladin reached an agreement with Richard the Lionhearted of England to allow Christian pilgrims to visit VIKINGS ● Homeland was Scandinavia ● Also called Northmen or Norsmen; Germanic people ● Worshipped warlike gods; were very vicious and were known to plunder ● Used longboats to transport troops and supplies for surprise invasions ● Also were traders, farmers, and explorers- navigated the rivers of Eastern Europe and Russia ● Explorer Leif Erikson reached North America 500 years before Columbus ● Declined to a period of warmer temperatures- more people adopted settled agriculture instead of seafaring invasions SUI DYNASTY ● Ruled China from 581-618 CE ● First dynasty to unite China 350 years after the fall of the Han ● Completed the Grand Canal (connected the Yangtze to the Yellow) TANG DYNASTY ● Ruled China from 618-907 CE ● Empress Wu- the only woman to take the title of emperor for herself ● Defeated by Muslims at the Battle of Talas in 751- limited expansion of Chinese influence into Central Asia ● Extended Chinese influence into Korea ● Expanded civil service examination system SONG CHINA ● Ruled China from 960-1279 ● Forced to retreat south after the Jurchen people (from Manchuria) conquered northern China. ● Population increase- became the most populous country in the world ● Prospered from Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade; expanded the tributary system ● Many advancements: movable type, gunpowder, acupuncture, porcelain, mechanical clock, paper money, magnetic compass ● Champa rice imported from Vietnam= population boom ● Islam and Christianity began to come into China ● Foot binding became a custom among women YUAN CHINA ● Established control of China in 1279; ruled until the Ming took power in 1368. ● First foreign Chinese dynasty ● Kublai Khan united all of China for the first time in 300 years ● Opened China to more foreign contacts and trade due to control of most of Eurasia ● Tolerated Chinese culture, made few changes to the Chinese system of government ● For the first time, a Mongol ruler moved from Mongolia to a conquered area ● Mongols kept their ways separate from Chinese culture ● Highest offices occupied by either Mongols or foreign officials ● Kublai Khan invited foreign merchants to visit China, including Marco Polo JAPAN ● Buddhism arrived, eventually blended with Shinto beliefs to create Zen Buddhism ● Selective borrowing from Tang China- adapted Confucianism, Chinese art, language, food, gardening, and tea ● Attempted to incorporate the civil service examination system; did not work since noble birth remained the way to get a higher status ● The Tale of Genji- the world’s first novel ● Heian Court (794-1185)- refined court society ● By the mid-11th century, Fujiwara family’s influence declined, a power struggle emerged between rival lords ● Rival lords used loyal warriors called samurai to fight for them ● Samurai followed the bushido code ● First shogun (military dictator) began in 1192 ● Had a puppet emperor; real power resided with powerful family or shogun after 119 KOREA ● Borrowed heavily from China (Buddhism, Confucianism, art, language, food, etc), but maintained its own identity ● Controlled for centuries by outsiders (China, Mongols) ● Established a civil service examination system, but unlike China, theirs did not offer social mobility (largely restricted to nobles) ● Began woodblock printing for Buddhist scriptures ● After the Han, established its own dynasties (Silla, Koryu); after the Mongols in 1392, established the Choson (Yi) Dynasty, which would rule until absorbed by Japan in 1910 VIETNAM ● Southeast Asian civilization least influenced by India and most influenced by China ● Absorbed many Chinese influences (Buddhism, Confucianism, ideas on government and education), but maintained its own identity ● Women traditionally had more rights than Chinese women SRIVIJAYA ● Buddhist temple at Borobudur reflects Indian influence ● Ruled the strategic Strait of Malacca; ● Powerful trading empire in island SE Asia (present-day Indonesia) ● Taxed trade going from China to the Indian Ocean- gained great wealth KHMER EMPIRE ● Present-day Cambodia ● Dominant power on the SE Asian mainland ● Angkor Wat initially built as a Hindu temple, later occupied by Buddhists MEDIEVAL EUROPE: EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000 CE) ● Dark Ages ushered in by the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE ● Constant invasions disrupted trade ● Cities were abandoned; elites fled to the countryside ● Learning declined; the only literate people were nobles and monks ● Knowledge of classical Greek or Roman ideas was lost ● Romance languages derived from Latin, but Latin was no longer spoken widely outside of the Catholic Church ● Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces ● Small communities governed by unwritten rules and traditions replaced loyalty to a centralized government and written laws ● No centralized rule due to emphasis on personal ties rather than loyalty to an unfamiliar king ● Clovis brought Christianity to the Franks (Germanic people of Gaul) ● 511: Clovis united the Franks into one kingdom; alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Church was established ● Christianity spread by rulers, missionaries ● Church took an active role in political affairs, attempted to influence kings ● Charles Martel (Charles