upreme Cart, UA No.-12 05 JAN 28 1991 2n the uprente Gaart af the iutteh tate OCTOBER TERM 1990 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PETITIONER v. RAY MABUS, ET AL. PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT KENNETH W. STARR Solicitor General JOHN R. DUNNE Assistant Attorney General JOHN G. ROBERTS, JR. Deputy Solicitor General JEFFREY P. MINEAR Assistant to the Solicitor General JESSICA DUNSAY SILVER LINDA F. THOME Attorneys Department of Justice Washington, D.C. 20530 (202) 514-2217 .;1I f '{ J STIC l P'I E ']ENT I) ,. 1sslssln I to c1is ' . VV hethex' satisfied its obligation mantle its z aclally dual system o: higher education,. ! ti Then state action continues to interfe Ae on tl .e basis ° of °ace vit11 a gtaalifierl student applicant's cll ice o x' . which school to attend. -..; ,! (1 , j \ )e ,[M_; . F'. 5jjr 1 + i :f C x. t !4}.1 G:x' ,.1,;;1;. v ,3 yy_ >; L".j :t: ; ' 1', , .^. Fir'{ G a . ~- :' + 9 , h :, , + , ,'° _. i -' ,ds,4 v; , ' _ ,,! 4 ,i ' _3, ; ' ( , : : ........ ..... ,_.. ,.,., . rv_,...v-. utu n W'.Y. nea.c+ r ,.y.. , ,yy y..:.. n.c , , gf,,M= ;! II PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING The petitioner, plaintiff-intervenor in this action, is the United States. The plaintiffs are Mrs. Jake Ayers, Sr., Vernon B. Ayers, William B. Ayers, Hattie James, Margaret James, Leola Blackmon, Lillie Blackmon, Shirley A. Porter, Kenneth Spear- man, James T. Holloway, Dave Collins, Lewis E. Armstrong, Darryl C. Thomas, Albert Joe Williams, George Bell, Johnny Sims, Thelma H. Walker, Ran- dolph Walker, Bennie G. Thompson, Virginia Hill, B. Leon Johnson, Pamela Gipson, Janice K. Miggins, and Floyd Alexander; and a plaintiff class consisting of all black citizens resiling in Mississippi, whether students, former students, parents, employees, or taxpayers, who have been, are, or will be discrim- inated against on account of race in receiving equal educational opportunity and 'or equal employment opportunity in the universities operated by the de- fendant Board of Trustees. The defendants are Ray Mabus, in his official capacity as Governor of the State of Mississippi;1 the Board of Trustees of State Institutions of Higher Learning of the State of Mis- sissippi; members of the Board of Trustees, in their personal and official capacities: Cass Pennington, Joe A. Haynes, Dianne Miller, Nancy McGahey Baker, Frank Crosthwait, Jr., Will A. Hickman, J. Marlin Ivey, Bryce Griffis, William M. Jones, James W. Luvene, Sidney L. Rushing, andl Dianne Walton; Delta State University, and its president, F. Kent Wyatt, in his official capacity; Mississippi State Uni- versity, and its president, Donald WV. Zacharias, in his official capacity: Mississippi University for 1 Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 35.3, the current gov- ernor of Mississippi, Ray Mabus, has beenl substituted for William Allain, governor at the time this case was tried. IUI Women, and its president, Clyda S. Rent, in her offi- cial capacity; the University of Mississippi, and its chancellor, IR. Gerald Turner, in his official capacity; the University of Southern Mississippi, and its presi- dent, Aubrey K. Lucas, in his official capacity; and W. Ray Cleer, in his official capacity as Commis- sioner of Higher Education of the State of Missis- sippi. i i4t I f I a TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Parties to the proceeding -......------------..--------- 11 Opinions below -..... .------------------------- --------- -1 Jurisdiction------...---2 Statutory and constitutional provisions involved -.-- 2 Statement .....--- ..- ------------------------------..-------- 2 Reasons for granting the petition......... ------. -.. 7 Conclusion ...- .....-----------................-.....- .. ---.- 10 Appendix A - .--- ....-----------------------------.-.------- la Appendix B - ------------------------.....-.......- ---------- 45a Appendix C....-------------------........---...--------------- 104a Appendix D ------....-.. .-----------------......------....------202a TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases: Alabama State Teachers Ass'n v. Alabama Public School & College Auth., 289 F. Supp. 784 ( M.D. Ala. 1968), aff'd, 393 U.S. 400 (1969) -- 8...8 3azemnore v. Friday, 478 U.S. 385 (1986) ......... 5 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) .-------------....----.------------ 2 Green v. New Kent County School Board, 391 U.S. 430 (1968) ....-- ...........------------------------------- 4-5 Geier v. Alexander, 801 F.2d 799 (6th Cir. 1986) 8, 9 Geier v. University of Tennessee, 597 F.2d 1056 (6th Cir. 1979) --.......--------------.----------- 8, 9 Meredith v. Fair, 306 F.2d 374 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 828, enforced, 313 F.2d 534 (5th Cir. 1962) __...-..__-..-.-- ...------------------------ 3 Norris v. State Council of Higher Educc., 327 F. Supp. 1368 (E.D. Va.), aff'd, 404 U.S. 907 (1971) .--- ---------------------------------- 8 (v) ,.mwm<irw:.nrr -- ' : " sy. ; : rY+:;.s_.., . ,., . n.. rn r:. _.. ..... ; .. , _ ,.._. _. ... _ ._ ... ... ~ ... VI Constitution and statutes: Page U.S. Const.: A m end. V ...................... 4......- .......... ...... 4 A m end. IX . .- .............. "-- .. ... ... ....... 4 A m end. X III 4--.--....................-4 Amend. XIV (Equal Protection Clause) ... 2, 4, 202a Civil Rights Act of 1964: Tit. VI, 42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.: § 601, 42 U.S.C. 2000d ....................... 2, 3, 202a Tit. IX, 42 U.S.C. 2000h et seq.: § 902, 42 U.S.C. 2000h-2 ...-...................... 3 4 2 U .S .C . 1 9 8 1........................................... .................. 4 42 U .S .C . 1983 4.-....................-...................4 OCTOBEhR TERM, 1990 No. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PETITIONER V. RAY MABUs, ET AL. PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO TIE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT The Solicitor General, on behalf of the United States of America, petitions for a writ of certiorari to review the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in this case.1 OPINIONS BELOW The en banc opinion of the court of appeals (App., inf'ra., la-44a) is reported at 914 F.2d 676. The panel opinion of the court of appeals (App., infra, 45a-103a) is reported at 893 F.2d 732. The opinion of the district court (App., infra, 104a-201a) is re- ported at 674 F. Supp. 1523. 1 The private plaintiffs in this case filed a petition for a writ of certiorari (No. 90-6588) on December 14, 1990. (1) 2 JURISDICTION The judgment of the court of appeals upon rehear- ing en banc was entered on September 28, 1990. On December 18, 1990, Justice Scalia extended the time in which to file a petition for a writ of certiorari to January 26, 1991 (a Saturday). The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1). STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS INVOLVED The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Section 601 of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. 2000d, are set forth in the petition appendix (App., infrca, 202a). STATEMENT Prior to this Court's decision in Bronc v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), the State of Mis- sissippi established a system of higher education based on de jure segregation of white and black stu- dents. Mississippi has since adopted what it submits are race-neutral policies and practices. The question in this case is whether Mississippi has satisfied its obligation under the Equal Protection Clause and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. 2000d, to dismantle its racially dual system of higher education. 1. Mississippi manages an( controls eight public universities through the Board of Trustees of State Institutions of Higher Learning, which has plenary authority over the institutions' operations. App., infrct, 106a, 109a, 114a. At the time of this Court's decision in Brown until at least 1962, all eight uni- versities were strictly segregated by race. and public higher education in Mississippi was "both separate 3 and unequal." App., infrac, 114a. Five institutions-- the University of Mississippi, Mississippi State Uni- versity, the University of Southern Mis&ssippi, Mis- sissippi University for Women, and Delta State University-admitted only white students. Three institutions-Alcorn State University, Jackson State University, and Mississippi Valley State University -admitted only black students. Id. at 109a-115a. The racially dual system encompassed the areas of "(1) student enrollment, (2) maintenance of branch centers by the historically white universities in close proximity to the historically black universities, (3) employment of faculty and staff, (4) provision and condition of facilities, (5) allocation of financial re- sources, (6) academic program offerings, and (7) racial composition of the governing board and its staff." App., itfra, 169a; see also id. at 114a-115a. While the white institutions offered "a full range of program offerings" at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels, the educational offerings at the black institutions "were limited to teacher educa- tion, agriculture and the mechanical arts, and the practical arts and trades." Id. at 114a-115a & n.2. All eight institutions remained segregated, in ac- cordance with state law, until at least 1962, when James Meredith was admitted to the Univer sity of Mississippi under court order. App., infra, 116a. See Meredith v. Fair, 306 F. 2c 374 (5th Cir.), cert. de- nied, 371 U.S. 828, enforced, 313 F.2d 534 (5th Cir. 1962). The other four white institutions did not ad- mit their first black students until between 1965 and 1967. The white institutions began hiring their first black faculty members between 1970 and 1975. The black institutions admitted their first white students between 1966 and 1970, and hired their first white 4 faculty members between 1966 and 1969. App., infra, 116a-117a. 2. The private petitioners, representing black citizens of Mississippi, initiated this action against respondents, the Governor and state educational offi- cials, on January 28, 1975. Their complaint alleged that Mississippi had maintained the racially segrega- tive effects of its historically dual system of public higher education, thereby violating the Fifth, Ninth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments, 42 U.S.C. 1981 and 1983, and Title VI of the Civil Right Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.