TAXON: Vitex parviflora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Vitex parviflora Family: Lamiaceae Common Name(s): small-leaved vitex Synonym(s): Vitex littoralis Decne. molave smallflower chastetree Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 23 Feb 2015 WRA Score: 10.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized, Environmental Weed, Timber Tree, Bird-Dispersed, Coppices Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 23 Feb 2015 (Vitex parviflora) Page 1 of 17 TAXON: Vitex parviflora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 23 Feb 2015 (Vitex parviflora) Page 2 of 17 TAXON: Vitex parviflora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, but is often much shorter and crooked. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, and is one of the few species that can survive on very dry and stony sites. Its natural altitude range is up to 700 m, and it tolerates drought; wind; weeds; CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB and salt wind. Stand establishment is done by direct sowing or with International, Wallingford, UK planting stock. This species is being introduced in reforestation of difficult sites in the Philippines (Lemmens et al., 1995). A major disadvantage is that it is considered slow growing. Research on silviculture and management are required, and provenance trials are needed to find varieties that are faster-growing." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB "It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines..." International, Wallingford, UK 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB "It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines..." International, Wallingford, UK 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB "Its natural altitude range is up to 700 m, and it tolerates drought; International, Wallingford, UK wind; weeds ... Latitude between 12°N and 12°S" Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Creation Date: 23 Feb 2015 (Vitex parviflora) Page 3 of 17 TAXON: Vitex parviflora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes "V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB but is often much shorter and crooked. It is native to Indonesia, International, Wallingford, UK Malaysia and the Philippines, and is one of the few species that can survive on very dry and stony sites." "Vitex parviflora Juss. New naturalized record Vitex parviflora, a species valued as a timber product in its native range of the Philippines and eastern Indonesia, was planted widely in O͚ahu forests between 1919 and 1936 (Staples & Herbst 2005). Over 7,000 trees of this species were estimated to have been planted on O͚ahu, 65 of which were planted in the Waiähole area, where several individuals of various size classes were found spreading along roadsides (Skolmen 1980). Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2008. New plant records from O͚ahu Hawai͚i (Staples et al. 2000). Vitex parviflora is a mostly glabrous tree for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100: 3-12 up to 15 m tall. Leaf petioles are ϱʹϭϬcm long, with three stalked, elliptic to oblong-elliptic leaflets ϳ͘ϲʹϭϳ͘ϴx ϰ͘ϱʹϱ͘ϲcm, with wavy margins. Inflorescences are in terminal, downy panicles to 20 cm long. Flowers are about 0.6 cm long, with entire calyx margins, and blue to purplish corolla. Fruit is globose and black, about 0.6 cm in diameter, with a flat, persistent calyx. Material examined. O͚AHU: Waiähole (UTM 2376112, 617898), along roadside, tree ca 5 m tall with lavender flowers, inflorescence ca 15 cm long, copious black, round berries, several individuals of various size classes seen in area, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2007111501." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB "Central America (as a whole) planted" International, Wallingford, UK Liogier, A.H. & Martorell, L.F. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second "Planted and persistent at Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico." Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico "Vitex parviflora, a species valued as a timber product in its native range of the Philippines and eastern Indonesia, was planted widely in O͚ahu forests between 1919 and 1936 (Staples & Herbst 2005). Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2008. New plant records from O͚ahu Over 7,000 trees of this species were estimated to have been for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100: 3-12 planted on O͚ahu, 65 of which were planted in the Waiähole area, where several individuals of various size classes were found spreading along roadsides (Skolmen 1980)." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 23 Feb 2015 (Vitex parviflora) Page 4 of 17 TAXON: Vitex parviflora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Vitex parviflora, a species valued as a timber product in its native range of the Philippines and eastern Indonesia, was planted widely in O͚ahu forests between 1919 and 1936 (Staples & Herbst 2005). Over 7,000 trees of this species were estimated to have been planted on O͚ahu, 65 of which were planted in the Waiähole area, where several individuals of various size classes were found spreading along roadsides (Skolmen 1980). Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Hawai͚i (Staples et al. 2000). Vitex parviflora is a Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2008. New plant records from O͚ahu mostly glabrous tree up to 15 m tall.