5/6/2018 Action-Oriented Theories - Chapter 6 -Behaviorally specific interventions -Counselor role is directive -Are responsive to third party pay Action-Oriented Approaches 1 2 Action-Oriented Theories - Behavioral Movement - View of Nature: -Behavioral principles have been assimilated into the mainstream of counseling. - Scientific - Structured Behaviors are: -Problems are seen as maladaptive learning patterns. - Observable - Measurable -No reflections of feelings -Focuses on overt behavior 3 4 Behavioral Movement - Behaviorism - -Animal Studies Thorndike (1874 – 1949) Charles Darwin 5 6 1 5/6/2018 Classical Conditioning - Behaviorism - Watson -Father of Behaviorism Pavlov (Give me a Child, I’ll give you a rich man, poor man, beggar man, thief.) (Little Albert) 7 8 Behaviorism - Operant Conditioning - Thorndike B. F. Skinner Puzzle Box - Skinner Box 9 10 Operant Conditioning Cognitive Trend Skinner’s work has resulted in many (modeling, social Observational learning) practical applications in : •Education •Training B. F. Skinner •And views of society 11 12 2 5/6/2018 Behavioral Movement - Behavioral Movement - Client Contracts - -Superstition – General Goal of Behavioral Counseling - - Create new conditions for learning -Horoscope (Study) -Psychics (Study) Arguments against Behavioral Counseling : - Treatment of symptoms - Manipulation (therapist is in control) - We don’t live in a skinner box 13 14 Behavioral Movement - Behavioral Movement - Techniques: Token Economy: - Relaxation Training -Given as soon as possible after behavior occurs (progressive relaxation) -Gradually replace with verbal phrase. -Systematic Desensitization (Classical Conditioning) - Biofeedback 15 16 Behavioral Movement - Behavioral Movement - Punishment - used to reduce the frequency of a client’s behavior Modeling Behavior: by presenting an aversive stimuli. 1. Live Models Extinction - the removal of the reinforcement. 2. Symbolic Models (Audio / Video) Shaping - the process in which complex terminal behaviors are reinforced in approximate successive stages. 3. Multiple Models (Groups) Flooding - bombarding the subject with the stimulus until fatigue sets in or until the stimulus loses its pleasurable value. 4. The more similar the models are the more effective Time-Out - the removing of the subject from the environment where the inappropriate behavior is occurring. 17 18 3 5/6/2018 Behavioral Movement - Learned Helplessness Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling Albert Ellis 19 20 Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling – Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling – (Albert Ellis) (Albert Ellis) We - -Concerned with cognition and feelings. -Make or contribute to our own problems by our perceptions. -Disputes irrational beliefs in a direct, active and confrontive -Condition ourselves to feel disturbed or depressed. manner. -Make mistakes - we learn to live with them. -Have the ability to change. Basic Hypothesis - our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, -Are all somewhat neurotic. evaluations, interpretations and reactions to life situations. -Blame is the core of most emotional disturbances. Anxiety, unhappiness, and negative emotions come from evaluative thoughts about traumatic situations . Criticized for being overly: combative directive, and intellectual 21 22 Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling – Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling – (Albert Ellis) (Albert Ellis) Therapeutic Techniques: Therapeutic Techniques: Emotive Technique - Cognitive Method – 1. Rational-emotive imagery - mentally experience 1. Disputing of irrational beliefs (confronting) situations and good outcomes. show client it’s not the event but their perception. 2. Role Play - rehearse new or different behaviors 2. Cognitive homework - experience (public speaking). (work on unpleasant feelings. 3. Changing ones language - relearning of statements. 3. Shame attacking exercises - (a word is only a word - only meanings change) -clients do or experience something they’re afraid of. -they then see its not such a big deal or that other don’t see it that way. 23 24 4.