This article was downloaded by: [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] On: 28 December 2014, At: 11:29 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tgah20 Qi Biaojia' s ‘Footnotes to Allegory Mountain’: introduction and translation1 Duncan Campbell a a Victoria University of Wellington , UK Published online: 31 May 2012. To cite this article: Duncan Campbell (1999) Qi Biaojia' s ‘Footnotes to Allegory Mountain’: introduction and translation1 , Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly, 19:3-4, 243-271, DOI: 10.1080/14601176.1999.10435576 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.1999.10435576 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions I Qi Biaojia' s (Footnotes to Allegory Mountain': introduction and translation DUNCAN CAMPBELL Translator's introduction his reading. Again and again in his diaries he bemoans the fact that his circumstances are such that his nund is too distracted (san luan) to make much progress with his To sleep on the high pillow in what seems my studies. own little hut, To sweep the rocks and listen to the soughing It is from an enhy in his dialy for early in the next month that one can date the of the tall pines. genesis of his conception of the garden described in the account that follows, a Du Fu and Qi Biaojia2 garden which was designed to afford him the peace and quite that would allow him to rectify his reading habits: In the late summer of the eighth year of the reign of the Chong Zhen Emperor 6th day 8th month: The day dawned bright and clear. In the afternoon I (1635), Qi Biaojia (figure r) was granted leave to quit his post with the Censorate went to visit my uncle's garden with Ma Yuanchang, and my brothers Jichao and to return to his native place of Shanyin in Zhejiang province, ostensibly to care and Xiangjia. Along with my cousin Zhixiang I went to Allegory Mountain, for his elderly mother. He anived home during the nud-morning of the last day of this being where the monk Without Trace had established his hermitage. The the sixth month and was to remain in retirement for the next 9 years. Family and desire to choose a site and build a garden arouse powelfully within me. We lett friends had gathered to welcome him home, and in his diary for this year, entitled Axe-Handle Mountain by boat and it was evening by the time we returned 'A Joyous Account of My Return South,' Qi Biaojia records the happiness of the home.s occasion. His diary entlY for the velY next day, however, perhaps affords us a greater insight into his state of mind at the time: On the 21st day of the roth month, no longer able to restrain his desire to build a Ist day 7th month: I have been home less than two days and already I tlnd garden, Qi Biaojia visited the site with his brothers and friends to draw up the plans for his garden.6 Construction began in earnest shortly thereafter and for the next 17 myself forced to escape my various social obligations. With Zheng Jiuhua as my only companion, I went to the Great Hall to sort out my books. Zhou months Qi Biaojia devoted much of his energy to the design and building of his 7 Rudeng'sl grandson Zhou Xianzhi happened to pay a call and I entertained garden. By the eighth month of the next year enough progress had been made on the garden that Qi was able to spend the night in his newly completed Studio of the him with a meal of fowl and nullet. Once he had departed I returned s to my books and in the evening met up with my brothers to drink and Tranquil One. When the two ponds that became a fearure of the garden were converse.4 created late in the first month of the year after, the scenelY of the garden 'began gradually to acquire its excellence' 9 (figure 2). Over the course of the succeeding weeks, in between a continuing round of By his own account, Qi inherited both his passion for garden design, and the t~m1ily and social engagements, Qi Biaojia seems to have spent as much time as financial wherewithal to indulge this passion, from his father Qi Chenghan. 'My Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 11:29 28 December 2014 possible re-establishing his libralY and sorting through his father's writings. To his father had a lifetime's passion for gardens,' he tells us in the entlY on his father's own account, he seems particularly concerned with his inability to concentrate upon Intimate Garden in his account of the various gardens of his district, 'and he built ISSNq.6o-Il76(QI999 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD 243 STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS AND DESIGNED LANDSCAPES CAMPBELL this garden after he had resigned from office .... Later on, he used all his income on developing it.' 10 Both the scale and the context of Qi's own indulgence of his obsession, however, differed greatly. II All too soon, visitors began to crowd their way into his garden and it rang with the commotion of a busy marketplace. 12 'From Master Zhu's place I returned to Allegory Mountain and sat in my Rotten Axe-Handle Mountain House reading the Lankavatara Satra,' he tells us on one occasion, 'but the incessant trample of the crowds of visitors proved such that I greatly regretted ever having built this garden.' 13 Events elsewhere too, of course, forced their way into his garden. Regular reports reached him of the collapse of the Ming political order.'4 The recent death of his mother having finally released him from his final obligations, Qi Biaojia took up office again in 1644, and after the fall of Beijing and the suicide of the Chong Zhen Emperor, news of which reached Qi as he made his way to the Southern Capital, he was appointed Governor of Suzhou. IS Factional infighting in the court of the Prince of Lu soon enforced his retirement, however, and he returned to Shanyin. Under increasing pressure to accept office under the new dynasty, Qi Biaojia appears to have believed that he had little alternative but to end his life a martyr. The official history of the period records his demise in the following manner: In the 5th month of the next year [1645] the Southern Capital was lost, and by the 6th month, Hangzhou too, in turn, had fallen. [Qi] Biaojia thereupon began his fast. On the 4th day of the succeeding intercalary month, having told his family that he was going to repair early to his bedchamber, he proceeded to his lake wherein he sat bolt upright and awaited his death. He was 44 years old. 16 There is a record of his last conversation with one of his sons. A relaxed smile on his lips, he turned to him and said: 'Although your father did not fail in his family duties, I was however somewhat too addicted to the springs and the rocks. I was lavish in constructing my garden and this was my failing. "7 He was buried within his garden, in a coffin that he had already prepared for himself. Qi Biaojia seems to have begun his account of his garden late in the ninth year of the reign of the Chong Zhen Emperor (1636).,8 His diaries show that he worked intensively upon it during the fourth and fifth months of the next year, at the same time that he was reading both Wang Shizhen's (1526-90) 'Record of My Mount Yan Garden' '9 and Li Daoyuan's (d. 527) Footnotes to the Classic C!f the Waterways,20 finishing it on the 21st day of the fifth month.2I Having circulated the manuscript Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 11:29 28 December 2014 alTlOng friends,22 Qi made some changes before having it copied and sent for printing.23 By this time the text had acquired its present title. Construction of the FIGURE 1. Portrait of Qi Biaojia, from the Yu yue san bu xiu tu zan (1740), compiled by garden continued, of course, and in his diaries Qi Biaojia speaks of having a friend Qi's friend Zhang Dai.