National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity MENU Confinement and Table of Contents Abstract Ethnicity: Acknowledgments An Overview of World War II Japanese Introduction American Relocation Sites Essay Brief History Gila River Granada Heart Mountain Jerome Manzanar Minidoka Poston Rohwer Topaz Tule Lake Isolation Centers by with an essay by Jeffery F. Burton Eleanor Roosevelt Add'l Facilities Mary M. Farrell Florence B. Lord cartography by Assembly Centers Richard W. Lord Ronald J. Beckwith DoJ and US Army and a contribution by Facilities Irene J. Cohen Prisons Western Archeological and Conservation Center References National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm[3/18/2013 11:26:26 AM] National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity Appendix A Appendix B Publications in Anthropology 74 1999 (rev. July 2000) Appendix C Continued Cover illustrations: pencilled inscriptions at the Tule Lake stockade jail; translation of Japanese text — Japanese Empire (left), Down with the United States (middle), Please be a second when I commit harakiri ... (right). Confinement and Ethnicity has now been reissued in a corrected edition, with a new Foreword by Tetsuden Kashima, associate professor of American ethnic studies at the University of Washington. Please visit the following web site for additional information on how to purchase this book. http://store.manzanarstore.com/477.html History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top Last Modified: Fri, Sep 1 2000 07:08:48 pm PDT http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm[3/18/2013 11:26:26 AM] National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Table of Contents) Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites Cover Page by J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, and R. Lord MENU Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract Cover Acknowledgments Page 2 Introduction Abstract Essay Acknowledgments Brief History Project Summary Gila River Chapter 1 Granada Sites of Shame: An Introduction Heart Mountain Chapter 2 To Undo a Mistake is Always Harder Than Not to Create One Originally Jerome by Eleanor Roosevelt Manzanar Chapter 3 A Brief History of Japanese American Relocation During World War II Minidoka Poston Chapter 4 Gila River Relocation Center, Arizona Rohwer Chapter 5 Topaz Granada Relocation Center, Colorado Tule Lake Chapter 6 Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Wyoming Isolation Centers Chapter 7 Add'l Facilities Jerome Relocation Center, Arkansas Assembly Centers Chapter 8 DoJ and US Army Manzanar Relocation Center, California Facilities Chapter 9 Prisons Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho Chapter 10 References Poston Relocation Center, Arizona http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm[3/18/2013 11:26:35 AM] National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Table of Contents) Appendix A Chapter 11 Rohwer Relocation Center, Arkansas Appendix B Chapter 12 Appendix C Topaz Relocation Center, Utah Chapter 13 Tule Lake Relocation Center, California Chapter 14 Citizen Isolation Centers Moab, Utah Leupp, Arizona Chapter 15 Additional War Relocation Authority Facilities Antelope Springs, Utah Cow Creek, Death Valley, California Tulelake, California Chapter 16 Assembly Centers Fresno, California Marysville, California Mayer, Arizona Merced, California Pinedale, California Pomona, California Portland, Oregon Puyallup, Washington Sacramento, California Salinas, California Santa Anita, California Stockton, California Tanforan, California Tulare, California Turlock, California Chapter 17 Department of Justice and U.S. Army Facilities Temporary Detention Stations Department of Justice Internment Camps Crystal City Internment Center, Texas Kenedy Internment Center, Texas Kooskia Work Camp, Idaho Fort Lincoln, North Dakota Fort Missoula, Montana Fort Stanton, New Mexico Santa Fe, New Mexico Segoville, Texas http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm[3/18/2013 11:26:35 AM] National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Table of Contents) U.S. Army Facilities Camp Lordsburg, New Mexico Fort Sill, Oklahoma Stringtown, Oklahoma Alaska and Hawaii Other U.S. Army Sites Chapter 18 Federal Bureau of Prisons Catalina Federal Honor Camp, Arizona Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas McNeil Island Federal Penitentiary, Washington References Cited Appendix A Relocation Center Drawings in Records Group 210, National Archives, Cartographic Division compiled by Irene J. Cohen Appendix B Tule Lake Relocation Center Drawings at the Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls Office Appendix C Selected Relocation Center Blueprints List of Figures List of Tables History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top Last Modified: Fri, Sep 1 2000 07:08: http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm[3/18/2013 11:26:35 AM] National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Abstract and Acknowledgments) Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites Cover Page by J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, and R. Lord MENU Abstract Abstract Acknowledgments This report provides an overview of the tangible remains currently left at the Project Summary sites of the Japanese American internment during World War II. The main focus is on the War Relocation Authority's relocation centers, but Department of Justice and U.S. Army facilities where Japanese Americans were interned are also considered. The goal of the study has been to provide information for the National Landmark Theme Study called for in the Manzanar National Historic Site enabling legislation. Archival research, field visits, and interviews with former internees provide preliminary documentation about the architectural remnants, the archeological features, and the artifacts remaining at the sites. The degree of preservation varies tremendously. At some locations, modern development has obscured many traces of the World War II-era buildings and features. At a few sites, relocation center buildings still stand, and some are still in use. Overall the physical remains at all the sites are evocative of this very significant, if shameful, episode in U.S. history, and all appear to merit National Register of Historic Places or National Historic Landmark status. Acknowledgments As would be expected with a project taking nearly six years to complete, the authors are indebted to many. Three of the authors (Mary, Dick, and Flo) volunteered hundreds of hours of their time. Funding for the senior author was http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce0.htm[3/18/2013 11:26:43 AM] National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Abstract and Acknowledgments) provided by Manzanar National Historic Site. The support, encouragement, and patience of park superintendent Ross Hopkins is gratefully acknowledged. George Teague supervised the project. AutoCAD maps were drafted by Ron Beckwith. Uncredited photographs in the report were taken by the authors. Translations were furnished by Shoko Fujita-Ehrlich and a volunteer. Mary Blackburn, Roger Daniels, Susumu Toyoda, and Sue Wells pointed out some egregious errors in earlier printings. The authors would also like to thank the following persons and institutions for their help: Joe Allman Archaeological Research Services Jane Beckwith Arizona Chapter of the Japanese Birt Bedeau American Tink Borum Citizens League James Bryant Arizona Daily Star Daniel Burton Bancroft Library Irene Cohen Coronado National Forest John Collins Crystal City Town Hall Phyllisa Eastern California Museum Eisentraut Franklin D. Roosevelt Library John Ellington Great Basin Museum Terry Hendricks Heart Mountain Memorial Gerald Gates Foundation Jane Goldstein Kenedy Chamber of Commerce Rosalie Gould Klamath National Wildlife Refuge Elizabeth Lordsburg Information Center Greathouse Los Angeles County Fairplex Farrell Hatch Los Angeles Times Gary Hathaway Mack Alford Correctional Center Dale Heckendorn Manzanar Advisory Commission Taro Hirama Mayer Public Library John Hopper Museum of Northern Arizona Mas Inoshita North Dakota State Historical Kent Just Society Erik Kreusch Prescott National Forest Jim Kubota Prescott Public Library Signa Larralde Puyallup Fair Frank Makamura Santa Anita Racetrack Nathan Mayo Seattle Times Jim McDonald Sharlott Hall Museum Lynne McDonald Topaz Museum Foundation Jim McKie Trans-Sierran Archaeological Angela Nava Research Joe Norikane UCLA Special Collections Tom Pittman Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Garth Portillo Twin Falls Chamber of Commerce Nicole Ramos United States National Archives Mary Robertson University of Arizona Special Roger Roper Collections Ann King Smith Yuba County Library Kenji Taguma James West http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce0.htm[3/18/2013 11:26:43 AM] National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Abstract and Acknowledgments) Project Summary WACC Project Number: MANZ 1944 B. Type of Project: Overview/survey. Project Team: Jeff Burton, Mary Farrell, Dick and Flo Lord. Field Work Dates: Intermittently 1994-1999. Person Days in Field: ~80. Project Location: Western United States. Project Scope: Field review of 35 sites associated with Japanese American internment during WW II. National Register Status: Seven of the visited