Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Journal of Citizenship and Globalisation Studies, 2017; 1(1): 10–23 The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Open Access Research Article Bryan S. Turner* Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder 1 What Is So Different About Contemporary Citizenship: Four Types Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? https://doi.org/10.1515/jcgs-2017-0002 Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Abstract: The paper begins with an examination of three ideal types citizenship which are not necessarily mutual exclusive. The first type is national citizenship, typically associated with ethno- nationalism. The Comparison second form is social citizenship or ‘welfare citizenship’ refers to the creation of social rights and is closely Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im The First Decade (1964-1972) connected to civil-society institutions rather than to the state or market. The third form of citizenship ethischen Vergleich identifiesResearch the Article citizen with participation in the work force emphasizing self-reliance and autonomy. In this https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 discussion, I argue that with economic globalization and the development of neo-liberal strategies the received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 variousMax Musterman, forms of citizenship Paul Placeholderhave converged towards a new model of passive citizenship in which the state is or has withdrawn from commitment to full employment and the provision of social security, especially Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon What Is So Different About as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the universal provision of welfare services, and civil-society institutions have been eroded. The result is the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also emergenceNeuroenhancement? of the apolitical, isolated citizen as consumer. The fourth model of citizenship presupposes includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current a consumer society, a weak state and the decline of civic institutions, where the passive citizen becomes version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. aWas consumer ist of so privatized anders goods amand services. Neuroenhancement? The rise of a fourth model of citizenship – the consumer- Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period citizen – can be interpreted as a logical consequence of financialization. Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Dedicated to Paul Placeholder Keywords:Comparison citizenship, neo-liberalism, capitalism, financialisation, consumer society, individualism Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich 1 Studies and Investigations 1 Introduction: Ideal Types of Citizenship¹ https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- The first type is national citizenship, typically associated with ethno-nationalism, which has been trayal and narrative technique. important in nation-building processes from the 19th century onwards. In many Asian societies, this type Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon of citizenship was also closely associated with the so-called developmental state and became important as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the in the authoritarian states that followed the Korean War. In Latin America, national citizenship was reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning also connected with various nation-building projects. Latin America experienced an authoritarian and Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current militaristic version of nationalist citizenship in part as a historical consequence of Iberian colonisation. Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] This political formation has been famously defined as ‘bureaucratic authoritarianism’ (O’Donnell, 1999). The Philippines Function, has had transmission, a similar experience investigation, of authoritarianism principal, period and militarism resulting in a turbulent Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is Keywords: licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. political history of political corruption and weak economic development. DedicatedThe secondto Paul Placeholder form is social citizenship, which is closely connected to civil society institutions rather than to the state or the market. It involves the creation of social rights in association with the development of the welfare state and is consequently referred to simply as ‘welfare citizenship’. In the 20th century, this form of citizenship was the product of democratic developments in Scandinavian societies and in the United1 Studies Kingdom and in the Investigations postwar period of social reconstruction, when Keynesian economic strategy was important in rebuilding a shattered economy. In fact, the British welfare state was originally understood in The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the 1930s as an alternative to the ‘warfare state’ that was associated with German fascism. the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. 1 Some aspects of this chapter first appeared in Bryan S. Turner (2010), ‘Ralf Dahrendorf on Citizenship and Life Chances’, Citizenship Studies, 14 (2): 237–43. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning *CorrespondingRoad Keelung 20224, author: Taiwan Bryan (R.O.C), S. Turner, e-mail: City [email protected] of New York, E-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 OpenOpen Access. Access. © ©2017 2017 Mustermann Bryan S. Turner,and Placeholder, published published by De Gruyter by De Gruyter. Open. ThisThis work work is is licensed under the Creative licensedCommons under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. 4.0 License. The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Dedicated to Paul Placeholder 1 Studies and Investigations The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. Contemporary Citizenship: Four Types 11 The third form of citizenship identifies the citizen with participation in the work force, emphasising self-reliance and autonomy. This type of citizenship, which was pre-eminently explored by the political philosopher Judith Shklar in American Citizenship (1991), is associated with American liberalism. In the absence of a state-managed welfare system, the American pattern of citizenship required the private provision of insurance, social security and welfare. These three forms were never entirely separate and various combinations were always possible, producing hybrid traditions of citizenship; as a result, they can be regarded for the sake of convenience merely as ideal types. In this discussion, I argue that with economic globalisation and the development of neoliberal strategies, the various forms of citizenship have converged towards a new model