Fachgebiet: Politikwissenschaft Maximizing tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction in Rwanda Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster (Westf.) vorgelegt von Michael Großpietsch aus Quakenbrück 2007 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Dezember 2007 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Schubert Referent: Prof. Dr. Kevenhörster Koreferent: Dr. van den Boom Maximizing tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction in Rwanda Dissertation to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) by advanced study in International Relations at the Graduate School of Politics of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University in Münster / Germany Presented by Michael Großpietsch, Maîtrise en Droit (Paris), M.A./DESS (Toulouse), M.Sc. (Greenwich) (December 2007) IV Table of contents Table of contents......................................................................................................................................... IV List of tables ............................................................................................................................................... VII List of figures............................................................................................................................................. VIII List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... IX Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................... XII I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 II. POVERTY REDUCTION – THEORY AND CURRENT-DAY BEST PRACTICE ... 6 II.1. Facets of poverty..............................................................................................................................6 II.2. Poverty – the sub-Saharan African case .....................................................................................13 II.3. The basics of poverty reduction – growth or pro-poor growth .................................................21 II.4. How to achieve pro-poor growth – a historical perspective......................................................25 II.5. How to achieve pro-poor growth – a post-neoliberal stance.....................................................29 II.5.1. The primacy of free markets ............................................................................................31 II.5.2. The subsidiary role of the state .......................................................................................33 II.5.2.1. Providing an enabling institutional environment ......................................................34 II.5.2.2. Correction of market failures.......................................................................................39 II.5.2.3. Redistributive measures ..............................................................................................43 II.5.2.4. Providing merit goods..................................................................................................47 II.5.2.5. Further proactive measures.........................................................................................52 II.5.3. Polity choices in sub-Saharan Africa..............................................................................57 II.5.4. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................61 III. APPLYING THE MODEL OF A POST-NEOLIBERAL POVERTY REDUCTION APPROACH TO TOURISM ................................................................................. 64 III.1. Introduction to tourism..................................................................................................................66 III.1.1. Understanding tourism as an economic sector .................................................................67 III.1.1.1. Demand side – the tourist ............................................................................................68 III.1.1.2. Supply side – the industry ...........................................................................................69 III.1.1.3. The host destination.....................................................................................................72 III.1.2. Industry trends.......................................................................................................................78 III.1.3. Tourism and development strategies..................................................................................80 III.1.4. Opportunities of tourism for economic development and poverty reduction in Africa.83 III.1.5. Developing new approaches to tourism: pro-poor tourism..............................................87 III.2. Mechanisms to achieve pro-poor growth through tourism .......................................................96 III.2.1. Private sector level: the tourism industry.........................................................................100 III.2.1.1. Philanthropy ................................................................................................................102 III.2.1.2. Staff ..............................................................................................................................105 III.2.1.3. Supply chain................................................................................................................106 III.2.1.4. Other tourism and tourism-related enterprises .......................................................111 III.2.1.5. Business and general neighborhood partnerships with communities.................116 V III.2.2. Public sector level: government ........................................................................................118 III.2.2.1. Providing an enabling institutional environment ....................................................119 III.2.2.2. Correction of market failures.....................................................................................121 III.2.2.3. Redistributive measures ............................................................................................123 III.2.2.4. Providing merit goods................................................................................................124 III.2.2.5. Further proactive measures.......................................................................................125 III.3. Methodology for analyzing tourism’s poverty-reducing impacts on a national level...........130 IV. RESULTS OF A TOURISM-RELATED DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF RWANDA........................................................................................................... 133 IV.1. Country environment ...................................................................................................................133 IV.1.1. Physical geography.............................................................................................................133 IV.1.2. History...................................................................................................................................138 IV.1.2.1. Pre-colonial times .......................................................................................................138 IV.1.2.2. Colonial times..............................................................................................................141 IV.1.2.3. From independence to the 1994 genocide ...............................................................144 IV.1.2.4. Post-genocide legacy, reconstruction and transition.............................................149 IV.1.3. Society and culture..............................................................................................................152 IV.1.3.1. Social diversity............................................................................................................153 IV.1.3.2. Gender relations..........................................................................................................156 IV.1.3.3. Private social safety nets ...........................................................................................159 IV.1.4. Geopolitics ...........................................................................................................................160 IV.1.4.1. International security relations..................................................................................160 IV.1.4.2. Participation in regional groups................................................................................163 IV.1.4.3. International commitments – human rights and environmental protection .........165 IV.1.4.4. International commitments – trade ...........................................................................167 IV.1.4.5. Aid.................................................................................................................................172 IV.2. Basic elements of human development.....................................................................................174 IV.2.1. Extreme poverty and hunger..............................................................................................175 IV.2.2. Education..............................................................................................................................179 IV.2.3. Health care ...........................................................................................................................184