Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00669-0 - The Archaeology of Malta: From the Neolithic through the Roman Period Claudia Sagona Index More information INDEX Abbatija tad-Dejr (Rabat), 273 Apulia (Italy), 146 , 152 Abela, Giovanni Francesco, 8 , 194 , 196 , 249 , 250 , Aran Islands, 123 254 , 279 Archaeological and Geological Society of acanthus leaves, 290 Malta, 9 Acholla (el-Alia, Tunisia), 182 , 197 , 220 Artachat (Armenia), 286 Achziv (Levant), 205 Artic Tungus, 94 , 95 Adams, Andrew Leith, 8 , 331n9 Arwad (Syria), 223 Adra (Abdera , Spain), 193 Ashby, Thomas, 12 , 90 , 226 agate amulet, 191 , 299 Ashera (Phoenician goddess), 258 agriculture, 35 , 46 , 54 , 59 , 76 . See also fi eld furrows Astarte (Juno), 199 , 224 , 226 , 231 , 235 , 249 , 251 , ard, 128 258 , 284 crops, 23 , 124 dove iconography, 224 early Neolithic, 29 in Gozo, 254 fi eld tools, 128 temple, 222 , 248 – 52 , 267 fi re-stick farming, 128 Attard, 258 land degradation, 128 Attard Tabone, Joseph, 59 olive cultivation, 129 Augustus (Emperor), 267 plant domestication, 22 – 23 Azzopardi, George, 144 Punic-Roman, 126 recent era, 1 , 127 Baal (Phoenician god), 252 , 253 , 258 , 262 run-off farming, 124 , 128 Baal-Hammon (Phoenician god), 262 Tarxien Cemetery, 149 Baal-Melqart (Phoenician god), 260 terracing, 129 Baal-Shamem (Phoenician god), 262 tools, 18 , 29 , 35 , 45 , 48 , 58 Baetis Valley (Spain), 241 Alcáçova (Portugal), 193 baetyls, 199 , 253 , 256 , 257 – 58 Almuñécar (Sexi, Spain), 193 Bahn, Paul, 94 , 103 amulets, 34 , 45 , 54 , 64 , 73 , 108 , 111 . See also shells Baħrija, 13 , 52 , 156 , 165 , 172 , 177 , 183 – 84 Anat (Phoenician goddess), 231 houses, 159 , 186 Andalouses (Oran Coast, Algeria), 182 pottery, 159 , 184 Andalucía (Spain), 193 Baldacchino, Joseph George, 13 , 177 , 242 animals Banning, Edward, 93 animal husbandry, 34 , 46 , 48 , 54 , 98 , 149 Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques, 10 , 194 cattle, 29 basketry, 30 , 31 , 165 , 167 , 170 , 178 , 206 depictions of, 30 , 336n57 Battus (king), 175 , 195 , 196 domestication, 22 – 23 beads, 54 , 55 , 73 , 149 , 269 skeletal remains, 23 , 29 , 41 , 54 , 59 Becker, Erich, 12 wild herds, 29 Belgo-Maltese Survey Project, 18 , 48 , 243 Anna (Phoenician princess), 195 belief systems, 114 . See trance states Apollo, 255 , 285 , 289 . See also Mithraism ancestor worship, 105 – 06 , 110 – 11 441 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00669-0 - The Archaeology of Malta: From the Neolithic through the Roman Period Claudia Sagona Index More information 442 Index belief systems (cont.) Byblos (Lebanon), 188 death cult, 77 , 113 Byrsa Hill (Tunisia), 193 divinities, 103 fertility cult, 103 , 107 Cadiz (Spain), 193 Neolithic, 103 Cagiano de Azevedo, Michelangelo, 251 pluralistic beliefs, 108 – 09 cairns, 147 shamanism, 93 – 96 Caius Verres, 267 tree cult, 100 Calabrian Fosse Grave culture, 172 Bellanti, Paul F., 13 , 182 Calleja, Edward, 272 Benghajsa, 283 Calleja-Gera, Paul, 160 Berytus (Beirut, Lebanon), 188 , 208 , 223 Cambridge Gozo Project. See Fragility and Beth Shan (southern Levant), 201 Sustainability in the Restricted Island Bidnija, 243 , 275 Environments of Malta (FRAGSUS) bilingual inscriptions. See cippi (bilingual inscriptions) Caracella (Emperor), 268 Binġemma, 160 Cardial pottery, 23 , 25 , 30 Binghisa Fort (Wied il Mista), 242 Carlo Diacono Girls’ Lyceum (Żejtun), 160 Bir Messaouda (Tunisia), 193 cart ruts. See fi eld furrows Bir Miftuħ, 165 Carthage (Carthage), 265 Bir Ricca, 251 , 276 , 284 Carthage (Tunisia), 175 , 186 , 193 , 196 , 199 , 205 , Birgu (Vittoriosa), 275 208 , 215 , 217 , 218 , 220 , 223 , 225 , 228 , 237 , Birkirkara, 28 239 , 243 , 253 , 255 , 256 , 258 , 260 , 262 , 263 , Birżebbuġa, 13 , 221 264 , 284 , 288 , 293 boats, 22 , 32 , 186 Caruana, Antonio Annetto, 10 , 48 , 196 , 225 , 226 , Bronze Age, 149 , 167 233 , 235 , 269 , 272 , 279 , 285 Neolithic, 22 , 29 , 133 Castelluccio (Lipari), 138 Phoenician, 172 , 190 Çatal Höyük (Turkey), 89 , 131 Roman period, 280 Cathedral Square (Mdina), 224 Boisgelin, Pierre Marie Louis, 226 Caton-Thompson, Gertrude, 12 Bonanno, Anthony, 225 , 230 , 231 , 243 , 275 Cautes, 286 , 288 bone Cautopates, 286 , 288 artefacts, 41 , 42, 49 , 73 , 146 , 269 , 271 caves tools, 18 , 29 , 34 , 37 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 63 art, 20 , 24 Bonorva tomb (Sardinia), 101 burial sites, 24 , 25 Borġ in-Nadur, 12 , 18 , 28 , 31 , 41 , 67 , 73 , 84 , 116 , fossil deposits, 8 130 , 137 , 140 , 146 , 149 , 151 , 153 , 154 , 161 , habitation, 24 , 25 , 58 169 , 173 , 175 , 180 , 183 , 233 , 242 , 243 , 249 , sensory perception, 24 – 25 250 , 338n114 Cazzella, Alberto, 137 , 185 burials, 182 – 83 Cellino San Marco culture, 146 caves, 160 – 61 Cerro del Villar (Spain), 193 closure, 140 Chapman, John, 38 economy, 167 – 68 , 173 Chersonnes (or Chersonesus), 222 , 283 , 284 fortifi cations and defences, 140 , 154 – 59 , chert, 3 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 41 , 46 , 63 , 73 172 , 180 Chillingham Park, Northumberland (England), 29 houses, 160 Chorreras (Spain), 193 pottery, 161 – 62 , 178 – 80 Ciantar, Giovanni Antonio, 196 Borg, John, 29 Cicero, 7 , 267 Bradley, Richard, 88 Cilia, Joseph, 110 Brochtorff Circle. See Xagħra Circle (Gozo) cinnamon, 211 Bronze Age-Phoenician transition, 173 , 180 , 199 , cippi (bilingual inscriptions), 10 , 194 , 206 , 216 , 221 253 , 254 , 266 Bugeja, Anton, 249 Cistern Exploration Project, Malta/Gozo, 251 , 276 Buhagiar, Keith, 7 Clark, Daniel, 83 , 86 Bur Mgħeż, 110 , 135 , 139 Claudius (Emperor), 269 burial grounds, Neolithic, 78 , 110 – 13 . See also Ħal climate, 3 Safl ieni ; Xagħra Circle (Gozo), closure events, 33 – 34 , 41 , 46 , 59 , 132 , 140 , 168 . See Burkina Faso (Africa), 88 also megalithic buildings Burmarrad, 6 , 128 , 222 , 243 , 275 animal bone placement, 41 , 131 , 355n71 geomorphology, 24 architecture, 34 , 199 Buskett Gardens, 197 , 200 artefact destruction, 132 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00669-0 - The Archaeology of Malta: From the Neolithic through the Roman Period Claudia Sagona Index More information Index 443 burying of sites, 131 Fawwara (Ras il-Gebel), 159 human bone placement, 33 , 355n71 fi eld furrows reasons for closure, 131 , 133 agricultural practices, 122 – 23 ritual deposits, 33 , 34 , 41 , 45 , 168 associated features, 122 , 353n26 clothing. See also textiles cart-ruts, 116 – 19 Neolithic, 73 , 105 , 106 chronology, 119 – 21 , 353n26 cocciopesto fl oor, 237 cut by hand, 122 coinage. See Mithraism fi eld development, 124 colonisation, 23 – 24 geomorphology, 121 – 22 , 127 of Cyprus, 22 land divisions, 126 of Malta, 1 , 22 , 23 – 24 misrepresentations, 353n26 of Sicily, 20 roads, 119 colour symbolism, 54 – 55 , 107 – 08 transportation and haulage, 119 , 121 Colt Hoare, Richard, 2 Figheldean Down (Wiltshire), 124 Commagene kingdom, 285 fi gurines, 46 . See animals ; trance states Constantine (Emperor), 271 anthropomorphic, 38 , 41 , 42 , 72 , 93 – 94 , Coppa Nevigata (Apulia), 138 , 149 101 – 04 , 105 – 07 Cosyra, 195 body parts, 104 cothon (Phoenician port facility), 199 , 208 , 243 depicting scarifi cation, 106 Cozzo del Pantano (Sicily), 169 hairstyles, 105 Cultural Heritage Act, 15 morphed fi gures, 98 – 103 cuneiform inscription. See agate amulet multiple fi gures, 104 , 105 – 06 , 109 – 10 Cutajar, Nathaniel, 159 , 224 peg fi gures, 93 , 94 , 98 , 100 , 110 Cyrene (North Africa), 175 , 196 , 255 , 289 pillars, phallic, 104 , 110 posture, 105 De Rohan, Emanuel, 10 Tarxien Cemetery fi gurines, 144 – 46 Debdieba (Luqa), 77 zoomorphic, 34 , 104 , 105 Deir el-Balah (southern Levant), 201 Finocchito ware (Sicily), 176 Delimara Peninsula, 243 , 250 , 284 First Punic War, 264, 275 Dermech (Carthage), 260 Fleming, Andrew, 104 Despott, Giuseppe, 13 fl int, 3 , 28 , 29 , 30 – 31 , 33 , 37 , 52 , 63 , 67 , 73 Diana culture (Sicily), 42 fl ora, 6 Dingli plateau, 224 , 226 Fomm ir-Riħ, 3 , 63 , 73 Diodorus Siculus, 7 , 196 , 220 , 237 Fontana Nuova (Sicily), 20 Djebel Mlezza (Tunisia), 260 Fort San Angelo, 249 dolmens, 116 , 146 – 47 foundation deposits, 41 . See also megalithic Domus Romana (Rabat), 224 , 225 , 231 , 268 , 269 , buildings 271 , 272 , 295 Fragility and Sustainability in the Restricted Island Domus Romana Melitensis Archaeological Environments of Malta (FRAGSUS), 28 , 48 Research Project, 272 FRAGSUS. See Fragility and Sustainability in the Doni Street (Rabat), 272 Restricted Island Envirnments of Malta Dowson, Thomas, 94 Frendo, Anthony, 251 drums Frost, Honor, 283 bedrock bridge, 96 Bronze Age, 162 Gadir (Cadiz, Spain), 198 , 252 , 253 Neolithic, 95 – 96 Gaulos (ancient Gozo), 7 , 174 , 194 , 254 – 55 , stone bowls, 96 264 , 274 dyes. See murex purple dye government, 254 inscriptions, 254 Early to Middle Bronze transition, 153 Ġebel Ciantar, 156 El-Ahwat (Manasseh, southern Levant), 171 Ġebel Għawżara, 159 Eliade, Mircea, 94 Ġejna Bays, 73 Elissa (or Dido), 196 geology, 3 environment Ġgantija, 15 , 77 , 78 , 81 , 83 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 109 adverse conditions, 115 , 127 , 129 , 132 burials, 64 pollen cores, 3 – 6 , 129 , 354n55 houses, 59 – 61 , 78 Eryx (Sicily), 199 , 250 lithics, 63 Evans, Arthur, 11 , 100 , 105 pottery, 61 – 63 Evans, John D., 13 , 14 , 28 , 49 , 67 , 77 , 135 , 138 Għajn Abdul Plateau (Gozo), 25 , 161 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00669-0 - The Archaeology of Malta: From the Neolithic through the Roman Period Claudia Sagona Index More information 444 Index Għajn Ħammiem (Rabat), 271 , 279 Hercules. See Melqart (Hercules) Għajn il-Kbir, 290 Heritage Malta, 15 , 334n64 Għajn Klieb, 200 , 223 , 225 , 274 Heritage Planning Unit (HPU), 15 Għajn Qajjied, 173 , 209 – 11 , 216 , 225 , 274 Herodotus, 186 Għajn Tuffi eħa, 58 , 61 , 67 , 140 , 159 , 243 , 277 Hodder, Ian, 89 Għajn Tuffi eħa Bay, 159 , 200 , 222 , 243 , 252 honey, 93 , 259 Għajnsielem road (Gozo), 40 , 48 , 59 , 67 , 77 Houel, Jean-Pierre-Laurent, 226 , 248 , 253 Għar Barka, 200 , 201 , 225 houses, 46 , 47 – 48 , 78 . See also caves ; closure events ; Għar Dalam, 12 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 58 , 59 , 67 , 140 , 161 , Għar Dalam ; Grey Skorba ; Red Skorba 183 , 242 .