Provided by the author(s) and University College Dublin Library in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title 3D fault zone architecture in Kardia Mine, Ptolemais Basin, Greece Authors(s) Delogkos, Efstratios Publication date 2016-12-06 Publisher University College Dublin. School of Earth Sciences Item record/more information http://hdl.handle.net/10197/9610 Downloaded 2021-10-08T21:11:27Z The UCD community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters! (@ucd_oa) © Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. 3D fault zone architecture in Kardia Mine, Ptolemais Basin, Greece Efstratios Delogkos The thesis is submitted to University College Dublin in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. UCD School of Earth Sciences. University College Dublin. Supervisors: Dr. Conrad Childs Dr. Tom Manzocchi Prof. Spyros Pavlides Prof. John J. Walsh Head of the School: Prof. Frank McDermott May 2016 Declaration I, hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other university. With the exception of the assistance noted in the acknowledgements, this thesis is entirely my work. I authorise University College Dublin to lend this document, or reproductions of this document, by photocopying or other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of research. It is a condition of use of this thesis that anyone who consults it must recognise that the copyright rests with the author, and that no quotation from the thesis, and no information derived from it may be published unless the source is properly acknowledged. Signed: Efstratios Delogkos i Table of contents Contents List of figures .................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction and aims of study .................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Background of normal fault studies............................................................................................ 2 1.3. Ptolemais Basin ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. Structure of Ptolemais Basin................................................................................................. 5 1.3.2. Stratigraphy of Ptolemais Basin ............................................................................................ 6 1.4. Kardia Lignite Mine and 3D interpretation of the normal fault zones ......................................... 7 1.4.1. Kardia Lignite Mine .............................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2. Data sampling ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.3. Inputting data into a fully georeferenced 3D structural interpretation package .................... 9 1.4.4. 3D fault interpretations ...................................................................................................... 10 1.5. Thesis outline .......................................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Journal and Conference Publications ....................................................................................... 13 Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 15 2. THROW PARTITIONING ACROSS NORMAL FAULT ZONES IN THE PTOLEMAIS BASIN, GREECE ........... 33 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 34 2.2. Data and methodology ............................................................................................................ 36 2.2.1. Ptolemais Basin .................................................................................................................. 36 2.2.2. Kardia Mine – 3D structural model ..................................................................................... 38 2.3. Main characteristics of faulting in the Ptolemais Basin ............................................................. 39 2.3.1. Fault rock ........................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.2. Throw gradients ................................................................................................................. 40 2.3.3. Fault related folding ........................................................................................................... 40 2.3.4. Syn-sedimentary faulting .................................................................................................... 41 2.4. Fault zone characteristics ......................................................................................................... 41 2.4.1. Lower displacement fault zones ......................................................................................... 42 ii Table of contents 2.4.2. Higher displacement fault zones ......................................................................................... 43 2.5. Throw partitioning ................................................................................................................... 44 2.5.1. General features ................................................................................................................ 44 2.5.2. Throw on largest fault strand ............................................................................................. 45 2.5.3. Throw on subsidiary synthetic faults .................................................................................. 46 2.5.4. Throw by continuous deformation ..................................................................................... 47 2.6. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 48 2.6.1. Fault zone evolution ........................................................................................................... 48 2.6.2. Development of drag.......................................................................................................... 50 2.7. Summary and Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 51 Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 53 3. 3D ANATOMY OF A NORMAL FAULT ............................................................................... 66 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 66 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 67 3.2. Data ......................................................................................................................................... 68 3.3. 3D fault structure .................................................................................................................... 70 3.3.1. Large scale fault segments.................................................................................................. 71 3.3.2. Small scale structures ......................................................................................................... 74 3.4. Throw partitioning ................................................................................................................... 76 3.5. Shear strain distribution .......................................................................................................... 79 3.6. Fault growth ............................................................................................................................ 80 3.7. Summary and Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 84 Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 86 4. THE ROLE OF BED-PARALLEL SLIP ON FAULT SEGMENTATION ................................................. 98 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 98 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 99 4.2. Bedding-parallel slip in Kardia