www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU MICROBIOLOGY HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu Department of School Education http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com Government of Tamil Nadu First Edition - 2018 NOT FOR SALE Content Creation The wise possess all State Council of Educational Research and Training © SCERT 2018 Printing & Publishing Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational Services Corporation www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in II http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbiology ...............................................01 Chapter 2 Microscopy .............................................................................15 Chapter 3 Stains and Staining Methods .................................................25 Chapter 4 Sterilization .............................................................................40 Chapter 5 Cultivation of Microorganisms .............................................53 Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth ..........................................72 Chapter 7 Morphology of Bacteria .........................................................88 Chapter 8 Microbial Taxonomy ............................................................113 Chapter 9 Environmental Microbiology ..............................................124 Chapter 10 Soil Microbiology ...............................................................152 Chapter 11 Agricultural Microbiology.................................................165 Chapter 12 Medical Microbiology ........................................................189 Chapter 13 Immunology .......................................................................227 Chapter 14 Microbial Genetics .............................................................280 E-Book Assessment Digi-Link http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com HOW TO USE THE BOOK ? Chapter Outline Presents a complete overview of the chapter Learning Goals to transform the classroom processes into Objectives: learner centric with a list of bench marks Amazing facts, Rhetorical questions to lead students to biological inquiry Activity Directions are provided to students to conduct activities in order to explore, enrich the concept. Infographics Visual representation of the lesson to enrich learning . To motivate the students to further explore the content digitally and take them to virtual world ICT To enhance digital Science skills among students Glossary Explanation of scientific terms Evaluation Assess students to pause, think and check their understanding Career corner List of professions particular to that chapter References List of related books for further details of the topic Web links List of digital resources IV http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com Career Opportunities for Microbiologists Microbiologists are biological scientists microbiologists study the relationship who study about organisms that are between microorganisms and disease generally so small and can only be seen establishment. with a microscope. These microorganisms Immunology – Those who work on include bacteria, algae, yeasts, fungi, immune system related work are called protozoa, viruses, and other microscopic immunologists. Immunologist study forms of life. Some microbiologists the body’s defensive responses to specialize in one type of microorganism. microorganisms. They learn how our For example, bacteriologists concentrate immune system protects our body during on bacteria and virologists study viruses. the infection. They suggest possible ways Microbiologists isolate and make cultures to increase our immunity. It is one of the of microorganisms, identify their fastest growing areas in science. characteristics, and observe their reactions Microbial Ecology - The microbial to chemicals and other kinds of stimuli. interactions with living and non-living They also study how microorganisms matters of the environmental habitats is develop and reproduce as well as their referred to as microbial ecology. Microbial distribution in nature. ecologists study the contributions of microorganisms to the cycling of various The Scope of Microbiology (Course nutrients or elements. The ecologists are Benefit / Advantages) employed in reducing the pollution of the The whole ecosystem depends on bacterial environment which is the burning issue in activities. The modern microbiology is a all metro cities. They work on employing large discipline with different specialities. microorganisms in bioremediation to Microbiology has a great impact on reduce pollution effects. fields such as medicine, agriculture, food Food and Dairy Microbiology – Some sciences, ecology, genetics, biochemistry of our foods are actually the by-products and molecular biology. There are many of microbial growth. Example: Cheese is possible avenues of advancement for produced by the growth of microorganisms microbiologists. such as Leuconostoc citrovorum and Medical Microbiology – Medical Streptococcus lactis. Yoghurt results microbiologists are involved in from the growth of bacteria such as identifying the microorganisms causing Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus the infectious diseases. They work on thermophilus in milk. The leavening of identifying the pathogens and assist the bread is accomplished by Saccharomyces medical practitioners for prescribing the cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast). Main work of apt antibiotics in right dosages. They the food and dairy microbiologists in the also study the ways in which the micro food industry is to prevent contamination organisms cause the infection. Medical during processing and the transmission V http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com of food borne diseases. Microbiologists and do research. Microbiologists can are currently employed in all food and become directors of research in medical dairy processing industries. They are also centres, private firms, or government employed in Mineral water companies to agencies. Those who hold a teaching check the quality of water. and research position in a university can Agricultural Microbiology – It advance to the rank of full professor. They is concerned with the impact of can also make significant discoveries in microorganisms on agriculture. Most their research and gain the recognition bacteria and fungi live saprophytically on of other microbiologists. Many scientists dead and organic matter of the soil. They consider this to be the highest form of decompose the complex organic matter advancement. into simpler form making it available Microbial Genetics and Molecular for the soil microorganisms. Thus they Biology – The use of micro organisms form an important constituent of soil has been very helpful in understanding called humus. Certain microbes increase the functions of the genes. Microbial the fertility of the soil by converting the geneticists play an important role in atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, applied microbiology by producing new nitrites and nitrates. This is brought about microbial strains that are more efficient by the microbes such as Nitrosomonas, in synthesizing useful products. Genetic Nitrobacter and Rhizobium sp. Agricultural techniques are used to test substances microbiologists try to combat plant for their ability to cause cancer. diseases that attack commercial food Microbiologists are in greater demand crops and they also work on methods to in genetic engineering companies and increase soil fertility and crop yields. research units. Industrial Microbiology – Biomining – Microbes are used in Microorganisms are used to make extracting valuable metals like uranium products such as antibiotics, vaccines, from rocks. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans steroids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids unlocks energy from inorganic compounds and enzymes. Some important drugs are like iron sulphide. During this process, it synthesized by microorganisms such as produces sulphuric acid and iron sulphate. streptomycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, The use of micro organisms in mining has tetracycline. Industrial microbiologists considerably reduced the cost of mining work on improving the strains that to 75%. Microbiologists involved in produce the industrially important Biomining research are highly paid in the products and thereby increase the yield. Government sector. The Research and Development (R&D) Medical coding – Medical coding units in the industries provide various job is the transformation of healthcare opportunities to microbiologists. diagnosis, procedures, medical services Directors of Research Units and and equipment into universal medical Universities – Many microbiologists alphanumeric codes. The diagnoses work for universities, where they teach and procedure codes are taken from VI http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2018/05/tamilnadu-scert-new-school-books-and-ebooks-download-from-text-books-online.html www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com medical record documentation, such which