The impact of absorption on common mental health problems and auditory hallucinations A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology in the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health 2018 CHARLOTTE ASPINALL School of Health Sciences Division of Psychology and Mental Health Contents List of Tables and Figures ..................................................................................................... 5 Paper 1: Systematic Review ...................................................................................................... 5 Paper 2: Empirical Study ........................................................................................................... 5 Thesis Abstract .................................................................................................................... 6 Declaration ................................................................................................................................ 7 Copyright and Ownership Statement ................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 8 Paper 1: Systematic Review ................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 11 Method ................................................................................................................................... 14 Eligibility criteria.................................................................................................................. 14 Search procedure and selection ......................................................................................... 14 Data extraction ................................................................................................................... 17 Quality Assessment ............................................................................................................. 17 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Overview of reviewed studies ............................................................................................. 18 Relationship between absorption and mental health difficulties ...................................... 19 Discussion................................................................................................................................ 33 References .............................................................................................................................. 38 Paper 2: Empirical Study .................................................................................................... 44 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 45 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 46 Method ................................................................................................................................... 48 Design .................................................................................................................................. 48 Participants ......................................................................................................................... 48 Measures ............................................................................................................................. 49 Procedure ................................................................................................................................ 52 Calibration Phase ................................................................................................................ 52 Screening ............................................................................................................................. 52 Main study .......................................................................................................................... 53 ................................................................................................................................................ 54 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................................... 55 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 55 2 Manipulation check............................................................................................................. 55 Hypothesis test ................................................................................................................... 56 Discussion................................................................................................................................ 57 References .............................................................................................................................. 60 Paper 3: Critical Appraisal .................................................................................................. 63 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 64 Paper 1: Systematic literature review ..................................................................................... 65 Rationale for the topic ........................................................................................................ 65 Search terms ....................................................................................................................... 65 Inclusion and exclusion of papers ....................................................................................... 67 Quality Assessment ............................................................................................................. 68 Synthesising data ................................................................................................................ 69 Paper 2: Empirical paper ......................................................................................................... 70 Development of the research question .............................................................................. 70 Participants ......................................................................................................................... 70 Recruitment ........................................................................................................................ 71 Voice Hearing Task .............................................................................................................. 71 Absorption and relaxation manipulations .......................................................................... 72 E-Prime program ................................................................................................................. 72 Analyses .............................................................................................................................. 73 General discussion .................................................................................................................. 73 Future clinical and research implications ........................................................................... 74 References .............................................................................................................................. 75 Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 77 Appendix A: Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice Guidelines ............................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix B: NICE Guidance on Common Mental Health Disorders ....................................... 82 Appendix C: Downs and Black Quality Checklist ..................................................................... 88 Appendix D: Quality Assessment ............................................................................................ 94 Appendix E: Author guidelines for the journal ‘Psychosis’ ................................................... 101 Appendix F: Letter of Ethical Approval ................................................................................. 112 Appendix G: Revised hallucinations Scale ............................................................................. 115 Appendix H: Poster Advertisement ...................................................................................... 117 Appendix I: Voice Hearing Task ............................................................................................. 119 Appendix J: Quartile cut off data for the RHS ....................................................................... 126 3 Appendix K: Tellegen Absorption Scale ................................................................................ 128 Appendix L: Dissociative