DOCUMENT RESUME ED 433 988 RC 022 092 AUTHOR Saugestad, Sidsel, Ed. TITLE Indigenous Peoples in Modern Nation-States. Proceedings from an International Workshop (Tromso, Norway, October 13-16, 1997). Occasional Papers Series A, No. 90. INSTITUTION Tromso Univ. (Norway). ISSN ISSN-1500-5119 PUB DATE 1998-04-00 NOTE 159p. PUB TYPE Collected Works Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Acculturation; Cultural Maintenance; Culture Conflict; Ethnicity; *Ethnography; Foreign Countries; Geographic Isolation; Higher Education; *Indigenous Populations; Intergroup Relations; International Programs; *Participatory Research; Politics; *Rural Development; Rural Education; *World Views IDENTIFIERS *Botswana; Canada; *Norway ABSTRACT The relationship between indigenous peoples and nation-states has long been of academic interest, and is also an emerging topic in the international debate about human rights and development. Universities and museums play an important part in this debateas producers, managers, and communicators of knowledge about indigenous peoples. In these processes, the voices of indigenous peoples themselves must also find their proper place. A workshop at the University of Tromso (Norway) in October 1997 addressed aspects of this debate. The point of departure wasa collaborative research program between the Universities of Botswana and Tromso to promote research of relevance for the indigenous people of Botswana, called Bushmen, San, Basarwa,4 or Kwe. The University of Tromso also has a special responsibility to the Saami--indigenous people of Norway. The 17papers in this proceedings address ethnographic research methods and issues; history, cultural heritage, and cultural maintenance; indigenous relationships with the state and bureaucrats; and remote area development, acculturation, and participatory research on community and educational issues. Thepapers are: "Objectives and Perspectives on the Collaborative Programme for San/Basarwa Research" (Sidsel Saugestad); "Regional Comparison in Khoisan Ethnography: Theory, Method and Practice" (Alan Barnard); "Another Time, Another History" (Charlotte Damm); "Ethnicity: A Question of Relations" (Per Mathiesen); "Sami Cultural Heritage and Cultural Mobilisation" (Torvald Falch); "Indigenousor Autochthonous? Establishing a Role for Archaeology in the Negotiation of Basarwa Identity" (Paul J. Lane); "A Preliminary Report on an On-Going Research into the Recent History of the Babugakhwe at Khwai, Eastern Ngamiland, Botswana" (Maitseo Bolaane, Kofi Darkwah); "The Politics of Being Basarwa: Identity, Entitlement and Development among Bugakhwe, Tsega and //Anekhwe in Eastern Ngamiland..." (Michael Taylor); "Hunter-Gatherers and Bureaucrats: Reconciling Opposing Worldviews" (Alan Barnard); "Saami Customary Rights and the Problems of Definition" (Trond Thuen); "The Rise and Fall of Norwegian Support to Remote Area Development in Botswana" (Sidsel Saugestad); "Once upon a Nickel Mine: Mining Development, Archaeology and Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in Northern Labrador, Canada" (Bryan C. Hood); "The Remote Area Development Programme and the Integration of Basarwa into +++++ ED433988 Has Multi-page SFR--- Level =l +++++ the Mainstream of Botswana Society..." (Chadzimula Molebatsi); "Livelihood Strategies of the Basarwa in Diphuduhudu and Tshokwe..." (Isaac Mazonde); "Community Economic Development (CED) and Basarwa Communities in Botswana" (Keitseope Nthomang); "Development or Destitution? Towards an Understanding of Alcohol Use in Basarwa Settlements..." (David Macdonald); and "Participatory Research: A Developing World Research Paradigm for Change?" (Lucky Tshireletso). (Contains references, maps, the workshopprogram, and participants.) (SV) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** THE UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA AND THE UNIVERSITY OF TROMSO COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME FOR SAN/BASARWA RESEARCH NUFU PRO 20/96 OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES A NO. 90 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN MODERN NATION-STATES Proceedings from an International Workshop University of Tromso, October 13-16, 1997 Sidsel Saugestad (editor) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (Mice of Educational Research and Improvement "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS BY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED CENTER (ERIC) his document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization S originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve 4-6_0\ reproduction Quality. fpau, es e Points of view or opinions stated in this docu- ment do not necessarily represent official TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES OERI position or policy. INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC).- Faculty of Social Science University of Tromso N-9037 Tromso, Norway April 1998 ISSN 1500-5119 - Price 100 NOK BESTCOPY AVAILABLE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS OPENING SESSION Sidsel Saugestad: Objectives and perspectives on the collaborative programme for San/Basarwa research 1 Alan Barnard: Regional comparison in Khoisan ethnography: Theory, method and practice 6 Charlotte Damm: Another time, another history 21 Per Mathiesen: Ethnicity: A question of relations 27 HISTORY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE Torvald Falch: Sami cultural heritage and cultural mobilisation 33 Paul Lane: Indigenous or autochthonous? Establishing a role for archaeology in the negotiation of Basarwa identity 39 Maitseo Bolaane: A preliminary report on an on-going research into the recent history of the Babugakhwe at Khwai, Eastern Ngamiland, Botswana 47 Michael Taylor: The politics of being Basarwa: Identity, entitlement and development among Bugakhwe, Tsega and / /Anekhwe in Eastern Ngamiland. Thoughts after preliminary fieldwork 54 STATE, BUREAUCRACY AND THE LAW Alan Barnard: Hunter-gatherers and bureaucrats: Reconciling opposing worldviews 63 3 Trond Thuen: Saami customary rights and the problems of definition 77 Sidsel Saugestad: The rise and fall of Norwegian support to remote area development in Botswana 88 Bryan Hood: Once upon a nickel mine: Mining development, archaeology and aboriginal cultural heritage in Northern Labrador, Canada. 99 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH Chadzimula Molebatsi: The remote area development programme and the integration of Basarwa into the main- stream of Botswana society: The case of Manxotae and Mabesekwa, Tutume sub-district 109 Isaac Mazonde: Livelihood strategies of the Basarwa in Diphuduhudu and Tshokwe. State of the art report 118 Keitseope Nthomang: Community Economic development (CED) and Basarwa communities in Botswana 125 David Macdonald: Development or destitution? Towards an understanding of alcohol use in Basarwa settlements in Ghanzi district, Botswana 132 Lucky Tshireletso: Participatory research: A developing world research paradigm for change? 140 PARTICIPANTS - TROMSO WORKSHOP- 147 PROGRAMME - TROMSO WORKSHOP- 148 MAP OF SCANDINAVIA - 150 MAPS OF BOTSWANA - 151 MAP OF LABRADOR - 153 PREFACE The relationship between indigenous peoples and nation-states has for a long time been a topic of a great deal of academic interest.It is also an emerging topic in the international debate about human rights and development. Universities and museums play an important part in this debate, as producers, managers and communicators of knowledge about indigenous peoples, and about their position within democratic nation- states. In these processes, the voices of the indigenous peoples themselves must also find their proper place. To address some aspects of this important and many-sided debate, a workshop was convened at the University of Tromso in October 1997. The point of departure was a collaborative research programme that has been established between the Universities of Botswana and Tromso to promote research of relevance for the indigenous people of Botswana, called Bushmen, San, Basarwa, or more recently N/oalcwe or simply Kwe. A special responsibility of the University of Tromso towards the Saami section of the population, has been a concern since the inception of the University in 1972. The workshop, then,was set up as a meeting place for researchers from Botswana and from Norway, with the following purposes: First, to invite to an assessment of the state-of-the-art of research on the changing relationship between indigenous peoples and modern nation-states. What are the international trends and what are the contributions of the academic community in Tromso? Second, to discuss the relevance and possible use of such approaches for the Basarwa Research Programme in Botswana. A third concern, complementing the first two objectives,was to offer the workshop as a research training seminar (forskerkus) to PhD candidates working with relevant projects. The workshop addressed, but naturally was not able to fully answer, questions relating to the following issues: The defining features of being 'indigenous'. The presentation of indigenous peoples as part of the national culture; in museums, literature, and in tourism. The use of history/prehistory as legitimation of the present situation and position of indigenous groups. The use of anthropology, history and archaeology in legal debates. The role of research in dialogue, debate and conflict between indigenous people and the state. The role of advocacy. The workshop addressed these issues through lectures and seminar presentations, with time for all the visitors to present their material.