City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines CHAPTER 2 Historic Context • Historic District and Map • Historic Subdistricts and Maps • Architectural Styles Chapter 2: Historic Context City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines Chapter 2: Historic Context City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines Chapter 2: Historical Context This section describes the historical context of Manitou Springs as refl ected in its historic structures. A communi- ty history can be documented in a collection of names and dates carefully recorded in history books seldom read, or it can be seen everyday in the architecture of the past. Protecting and preserving that architectural heritage is one way we can celebrate the people and events that shaped our community and enhance the foundation for our future growth and development. Background Large Queen Anne Victorian hotels such as the Bark- er House and the Cliff House are visible reminders of Manitou’s heyday as a health resort. These grand buildings, although altered signifi cantly through ear- ly renovations, date back to the 1870s when Manitou Springs was founded by Dr. William Bell, an Eng- lish physician and business partner of General Wil- liam Palmer, the founder of Colorado Springs and the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. Dr. Bell envi- sioned a European-style health resort built around the natural mineral springs with public parks, gardens, villas and elegant hotels. With this plan in mind, Manitou Springs’ fi rst hotel, the Manitou House, was constructed in 1872. Development during the 1870s -1880s was rapid and consisted primarily of frame construction. Although Manitou’s growth did not faithfully adhere to Dr. Bell’s vision, public parks were sited next to rustic pavilions that housed the mineral springs, and hotels were built along the boundaries of these parks. Residential development Manitou Avenue consisted initially of tents followed by more perma- Manitou Springs, CO nent structures. Grand Avenue became the favored area for the town’s wealthiest citizens, while others built more modest homes on the hillsides south of Manitou Avenue. Dr. Bell constructed his villa, Bri- arhurst along Fountain Creek east of downtown. During the 1880s and 1890s, the wooden frame structures of the original commercial district were replaced by more substantial brick and stone struc- tures that are still evident today. Native stone became an important material used in homes, retaining walls and bridges. Tourists continued to fl ock to Mani- tou during the summer months and many important buildings were constructed to attract visitors to the “Saratoga of the West.” Among these structures Views across the valley are valued by the local community. were the Manitou Bath House (1883), Soda Springs Manitou Springs, CO Chapter 2: Historic Context Page 2.1 City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines Pavilion (1885), Manitou Mineral Water Bottling Works (1890), the Wheeler Block (1883), the Leddy Block (1891) and Miramont Castle (1897). Of these structures, only the Wheeler and Leddy Blocks and Miramont Castle still exist. Additional development provided residences for Manitou’s business owners, shopkeepers and doctors. Year-round residents fa- vored large homes with extra rooms that were rented to tourists during the summer. To keep the tourists entertained, attractions such as the Cave of the Winds and the Cog Railroad were developed. Although it was still a seasonal town during this period, citizens were proud of their community and constructed a Shoshone Spring, Manitou Avenue sandstone public school and several churches to pro- Manitou Springs, CO vide local services for year-round residents and visi- tors. At the turn of the century, Manitou Springs was still a thriving resort; however, the high Victorian period had passed and building styles became simpler. The infl uence of the automobile was also felt and tour- ing cars for visiting outlying areas were a popular at- traction, though tourists still arrived on the train and stayed for several weeks or the entire season. Summer cottages that were constructed to accommodate these visitors are evident today - most notably along Rux- ton, Pilot Knob and Waltham Avenues, although cot- tages are also located on side and back lots through- out the Historic District. World War I ended the era of Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church the health spa and season-long visitors. Tourists con- Ruxton, Avenue, Manitou Springs, CO tinued to be attracted to Manitou Springs, but these visitors arrived in their own automobiles and stayed for shorter periods. Development focused on the east end of town where tourist courts sprang up. Origi- nally constructed as detached cottages, these were subsequently attached to each other with garages or carports. Examples of auto-tourist development in- clude the El Colorado Lodge and Green Willow Mo- tel. Other automobile-related development included gas stations and roadside restaurants. Civic leaders, anxious to lure tourists, developed the present day Spa Building and private businessmen developed the neighboring Arcade and the 900 block of Manitou Avenue in the popular Pueblo Revival, Spanish Co- lonial and Craftsman styles. Corner of Spencer and Cave Avenues Manitou Springs, CO Page 2.2 Chapter 2: Historic Context City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines The Great Depression and changes in the tourist trade brought about the gradual decline of many of Manitou’s older, more important buildings. Victo- rian structures were not prized during this period nor were they considered fi nancially supportable, and many fell victim to fi re, demolition and ne- glect. World War II brought in a new era of change as Manitou Springs became a bedroom community for the burgeoning City of Colorado Springs and its new military installations. Grand hotels and summer cottages were converted into apartments and homes for new, year-round residents. The downtown district had grocery stores, clothing shops, hardware stores and drugstores to meet the needs of these residents. Heart of Manitou Pawnee Avenue, Manitou Springs, CO During the 1950s and 1960s, family vacations were the norm, and historic motels in Manitou Springs’ east end fl ourished as did curio shops and local at- tractions including the Mt. Manitou Incline and the Cliff Dwellings. Throughout this period, it was com- mon to modernize store fronts with aluminum and plastic and many of Manitou’s historic commercial buildings followed this trend. Residential building also continued along the perimeters of town and Crystal Hills was developed. The 1960s brought an era of unrest to Manitou as well as the rest of the country, and the City became a mecca for counter culture and alternative lifestyles. The 1980s ushered in a new understanding of our Manitou Springs Public Library past with the formation of a National Historic Dis- Manitou Avenue, Manitou Springs, CO trict. This renewed appreciation for history resulted in the restoration of many of our commercial and res- idential buildings. The Mineral Springs Foundation restored long abandoned mineral springs to public use, and a hillside density ordinance was adopted to protect the delicate, natural setting of the community. An art colony began to prosper with the founding of Commonwheel Artists Co-op and the Business of Art Center. Tourists continued to come to Manitou Springs, and while they enjoyed the traditional at- tractions, a new emphasis on “Green Tourism,” out- door activities, and hiking trails emerged. Historic motels continued to offer small-town hospitality, but were joined by a growing number of Bed and Break- fast-type lodging. Along with increased tourism, the Summer Cottage Ruxton Avenue, Manitou Springs, CO Chapter 2: Historic Context Page 2.3 City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines 1980s and 1990s brought increased growth, as new residents were attracted to Manitou Springs by its vi- sual beauty and quality of life. As Manitou Springs enters the twenty-fi rst century, long-time residents and newcomers have gained a new appreciation of Manitou’s unique small-town atmosphere. A sense of community draws residents together and provides a source of civic identity and pride. This pride is refl ected in the continuing resto- ration and rehabilitation of private homes and busi- nesses, as well as a strong spirit of volunteerism and community involvement. Examples are the restora- Manitou Avenue tion of The Cliff House, The Spa Building and the Manitou Springs, CO Downtown Streetscape Revitalization Project. The topography combined with historic architectural styles and development patterns result in cohesive, welcoming neighborhoods. The proximity of houses to the street and the prevalence of large, accessible front porches generate a small-town spirit that is also evident in the pedestrian-oriented commercial district where residents, business owners and tour- ists meet and mingle against a backdrop of historic storefronts. As the region enjoys a long-awaited economic reviv- al, the demand for property in the limited Manitou Springs market has increased. Development pres- Smaller scaled buildings contribute to the established develop- sures are increasing, and if not carefully managed, ment pattern of the Historic District. Spencer Avenue, Manitou will threaten the natural and built environments that Springs, CO consistently draw residents and visitors to Manitou Springs. Providing new growth and development that is sensitive to our natural