Ending forced labour by 2030: A review of policies and programmes CONTRIBUTION TO ACHIEVING SDG TARGET 8.7 Achieving a World Without Forced Labour Forced labour remains tragically common in today’s world Almost 25 million people were caught in the grip of forced labour on any given day in 2016. Four-fifths of them were working in the private economy. An immense challenge and a global imperative Target 8.7 of the Sustainable Development Goals is to end all forms of forced labour by 2030 and to end the forced labour of children, along with all other forms of child labour, by 2025. Renewing the commitment Two international instruments — the 2014 Protocol to ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour, 1930 and its accompanying Recommendation No. 203 — are the focus of this report. They explicitly recognize modern forms of trafficking for forced labour, including for forced sexual commercial exploitation, and the increased number of workers who are in forced labour in the private economy, especially people who are on the move. How will we meet the SDG targets and end forced labour once and for all? Four elements outlined in the 2014 Forced Labour Protocol and Recommendation — underpinned by strengthened international cooperation and social dialogue — form the key pillars of a strategic framework for addressing forced labour: 1. PREVENTION: Addressing the wide assortment of factors — socio-cultural, economic, legal, and political — that push and pull people into forced labour. 2. PROTECTION: Ensuring that people already in forced labour are released and enabled to recover from their subjection to this crime. 3. REMEDIES: Providing those subjected to forced labour with access to justice and compensation for injury, loss, or harm — material or moral — that they have sustained. 4. ENFORCEMENT: Strengthening the administration of labour and criminal justice in order to prevent the degeneration of labour violations into forced labour, to increase the number of identified forced labour cases, and to bring perpetrators to justice. Ending forced labour by 2030: A review of policies and programmes GENEVA, 2018 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2018 First published 2018 This is an open access work distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo). Users can reuse, share, adapt and build upon the original work, even for commercial purposes, as detailed in the License. The International Labour Office (ILO) must be clearly credited as the owner of the original work. 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Ending forced labour by 2030: a review of policies and programmes International Labour Office - Geneva: ILO, 2018 ISBN: 9789221327448 (print) ISBN: 9789221327455 (web pdf) forced labour / trafficking in persons / awareness-raising / recruitment / operational management / value chains / informal economy / workers rights / legal aspect / armed conflict / role of ILO 13.01.2 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. 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Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................23 Part 1. Forced Labour in the World Today: Numbers and Manifestations ..............29 Part 2. Ending Forced Labour: Putting the 2014 Forced Labour Protocol into Action ......................................................................................................................... 41 PREVENTION ............................................................................................................................... 42 Awareness-raising: educating the general public and employers on forced labour prevention ..................................................................................................................................44 Fair recruitment: protecting workers from possible abusive and fraudulent practices during the recruitment and placement process ............................................................ 49 Due Diligence: addressing forced labour in business operations and supply chains ......................................................................................................................................................... 65 Addressing root causes and risk factors: a focus on the informal economy .................75 PROTECTION, REMEDIES AND ENFORCEMENT ........................................................... 89 Protection: promoting safe recovery and preventing re-victimization ............................ 92 Remedies: ensuring that persons in forced labour have access to appropriate remedies ...................................................................................................................................................107 Enforcement: strengthening the administration of criminal and labour justice ......... 109 ADDRESSING FORCED LABOUR IN SITUATIONS OF CRISIS AND STATE FRAGILITY .......................................................................................................................113 Prevention: building resilience and ensuring preparedness ................................................113 Protection: ensuring identification, release assistance, and recovery ..............................115 Addressing forced recruitment and other extreme abuses associated with armed conflict .........................................................................................................................................116 Part 3. Ending Forced Labour Among Children and Adults: the Road Forward to 2025 and 2030 ............................................................................................................119 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................... 131 1 Executive Summary If we want to make a “significant change in the lives of the 25 million men, women and children in forced labour, we need to take concrete and immediate action. Let’s not just be angry at slavery, let’s make change happen.” Guy Ryder, Director-General of the International Labour Organization © ILO 2 Ending forced labour by 2030: A review of policies and programmes Our ultimate aim is clear — The international community clearly faces an immense challenge in honouring the global a world in which no human commitment made in Target 8.7 of the being is ever subjected to Sustainable Development Goals to end all forms of forced labour by 2030 and to end the forced labour in any of its forced labour of children, along with all other various forms. forms of child labour, by 2025. This report reflects on this challenge and the way forward. However, on any given day in 2016, 25 million It is aimed at helping to guide efforts in the people were caught in the grip of forced lead up to the Target 8.7 end dates by bringing labour, 4.3 million of them children below the together and highlighting instructive practices age of 18 years. This moral and legal scandal in national law and policy to address forced is an indictment of the failure of global and labour. national governance to ensure social justice and full respect for human rights in the global Two