Making A Living in the Coastal Frontier of Berau, Indonesia of Berau, Frontier Making A Living in the Coastal and Aquaculture Shrimp Fisheries The RESCOPAR project RESCOPAR is a co-operation between Shrimp Fisheries and Aquaculture research groups at Wageningen University (the Netherlands), Can Tho University (Vietnam), Mulawarman University, Gadjah Mada University, Making a Living in the Coastal Frontier Diponegoro University and WWF- Indonesia studying the resilience of Berau, Indonesia of coastal populations and aquatic resources, with an emphasis on mangrove ecosystems, shrimp culture and coastal fisheries. The final Bambang Indratno Gunawan was objective is to propose guidelines born in Samarinda East Kalimantan that optimise the sustainability of Province on September 14th, 1970. shrimp production, fisheries, and He obtained a Bachelor Degree in mangrove forest. To do so RESCOPAR Fisheries from Lambung Mangkurat also studied coastal livelihoods and University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia the way decision making processes in 1993. Upon graduation , he at different socio-political and spatial was employed by Mulawarman scales affect the use, management University. In 1999, he earned and conservation of natural resources. a Master Degree from Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in Bambang Indratno Gunawan Eleven PhDs, 4 Indonesians stationed the field of Regional and Rural Gunawan Bambang Indratno in the Berau Delta of East Kalimantan, Development Planning. In March 6 Vietnamese in the Mekong Delta and 2007, he started a sandwich-PhD one in the Philippines, have studied program at the Rural Development various aspects of the shrimp sector: Sociology Group of Wageningen the interaction between mangroves, University, the Netherlands. aquaculture and fisheries; the changes Currently he is working as a lecturer in the genome of the WSSV virus at the Faculty of Fisheries and causing disease; the epidemiology of Marine Science at Mulawarman this disease; the effects on the people’s University, Samarinda. livelihood and the role of governance by state and markets in the changes. Aggregation and comparison of the results will allow RESCOPAR to provide policy advice [email protected] Shrimp fisheries and aquaculture Making a living in the coastal frontier of Berau, Indonesia Bambang Indratno Gunawan Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. dr. L. E. Visser Professor of Rural Development Sociology Wageningen University Thesis co-supervisor Prof. dr. A.S. Sidik Professor of Aquaculture Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia Other members Prof. dr. A. Niehof, Wageningen University Dr. D.S. Adhuri, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia Dr. J. M. Bavinck, University of Amsterdam Dr. R.H. Bosma, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences (WASS). Shrimp fisheries and aquaculture Making a living in the coastal frontier of Berau, Indonesia Bambang Indratno Gunawan Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 2nd October 2012 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Bambang Indratno Gunawan Shrimp fisheries and aquaculture: Making a living in the coastal frontier of Berau, Indonesia Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2012) With references, with summaries in English and Indonesian ISBN: 978-94-6173-286-6 For Yanty, Syifa and Thoriq Acknowledgments During this month of Ramadan which is a right moment of reflection and appreciation of what is given to us to achieve in life, I feel particularly grateful that this unique period of pursuing an international PhD project has come to a successful end. Therefore, I would like to thank several persons and institutions for their support and contribution to the completion of this PhD thesis. I would first like to express my sincere gratitude to my promotor and supervisor Prof. Dr. Leontine E. Visser for giving me her excellent guidance, scientific advice and continuous encouragement in pursuing my PhD studies. Ibu Leontine has professionally and patiently taught me social theory and research methodology although she was aware that my background was in economics. I learned very much from our fruitful and critical discussions that deepened my understanding about sociology and taught me how to theoretically reflect on social reality. I will always remember that you once said that a good student is not the one who is always saying ‘yes’, but one who can stand on his/her teacher’s shoulders and then say: ‘I know better than you’. I will apply this generous attitude to knowledge sharing to my students when I am back teaching at Mulawarman University. I am much indebted to my Indonesian supervisor and former Dean of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science at Mulawarman University, Prof. Dr. A. Syafei Sidik who provided me the trust, guidance and encouragement to accomplish an international PhD. I believe that you agree this achievement will strengthen the academic capacity not only of my self but also of our institution. I extend my sincere thanks to Hilary Phillips for the English editing and Margaret van Wissen for the formatting of the manuscript. This PhD research was carried out as a part of INREF-RESCOPAR (Rebuilding resilience of coastal populations and aquatic resources: habitats, biodiversity and sustainable use options) project of Wageningen University and was financially supported on an equal basis by both RESCOPAR and the Chair group of Rural Development Sociology. I am very grateful to the RESCOPAR management team who enabled me to participate at the project’s scientific meetings in Wageningen (2007), Samarinda (2009) and Can Tho (2010), at the stakeholder workshops in Berau in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012, and at international seminars in Can Tho and Bangkok (2010). I especially thank Paul van Zwieten for his scientific guidance in preparing the fisheries questionnaire and commenting on the survey data. My i thanks also go to Dr. Roel Bosma who facilitated the project’s support during the entire PhD period. I wish to thank the staff and PhD colleagues of Rural Development Sociology for their stimulating academic interactions and discussions. Since my arrival in Wageningen in March 2007 I received invaluable administrative assistance from Jos Michel until her retirement in 2011. I wish to thank Diana Dupain and Annelies Coppelmans who gave me all the help and support, particularly during the last year of my PhD. I am particularly grateful to my corridor mates Laura, Pablo, Vladimir, Nasim, Annet, Shaheen, and Arjumand for our friendship. My RESCOPAR friends made my life in Wageningen brighter. Thus, I wish to thank Desrina, Rini and Audrie from Indonesia, Thu Ha, Phung Ha, Dieu, Tuyen, Nghia, Hoa from Vietnam and Gigi from the Philippines. In Berau my sincere gratitude goes to my key informants and respondents who shared and exchanged their ideas and knowledge with me. I cannot forget for your hospitality and kindness in allowing me to do a field research. In this stage I am very much indebted to Pak Salman and Pak Amin who always assisted me during the field research and provided accommodation in the village. Many thanks are extended to Budi, Jein, Pak Sujadi at the Fisheries and Marine Affairs Office of Berau for giving me valuable information and allowing me to access official data. I would like to express my thanks to Indonesian friends (PPI-Wageningen) who filled my life and made me feel just like home when I was away. I enjoyed very much every moment we shared both in social events and in sports, especially badminton and football, at the sports centre De Bongerd. I will miss the lunches and dinners we shared at Bornsesteeg when I was living there. My special thanks go to Dani, Dodi, Elfa, Pak Ishak, Mas Awang and Pak Syafwan. To all my Indonesian friends in Wageningen I am deeply indebted our warm friendship. Last but certainly not least, I wish to thank my lovely wife Nurul Hudayanty and our beloved children Syifa Indrayana and Thoriq Yudhistira. They sacrificed much and they patiently shared the hardships of my PhD life. Thank you very much for your prayers, encouragement and understanding. I dedicate this book to you Yanty, Syifa and Thoriq; you truly deserve it. Bambang Indratno Gunawan Wageningen, August 2012 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ....... ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... iii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation of the study .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research problem .............................................................................................................