COURSE htm . met agro / coa / hau.ernet.in / :/ http Compiled By Diwan Singh ! Ram Niwas ! Raj Singh ! Surender S Dhankhar ! ML Khichar ! Dept of Agril Meteorology CCS Haryana Agril University Hisar – 125 004, India July, 2010 e-Course Manual On Disaster Management Compiled By Diwan Singh Ram Niwas Raj Singh Surender S Dhankhar ML Khichar Dept of Agril Meteorology CCS Haryana Agril University Hisar – 125 004, India http://hau.ernet.in/coa/agromet.htm July, 2010 Foreword In present era of financial fragility all around, coupled with the growing challenges of climate change/variability and environmental degradation, we must scale up our prevention activities to the most effective way to save lives and livelihoods and to safeguard development. Looking at the vulnerability of the nation to various hazards like droughts, floods, cyclones and other extreme weather events which can be predicted to the more sudden disasters like earthquakes, landslides and various manmade disasters which cannot be predicted and are very frequent in the present day world, now it is high time for us to have an insight into these disasters and get ourselves prepared to reduce losses. Disaster management deals with and avoiding both natural and manmade disasters and should be used as daily work along with establishment and management of local facilities and resources. There are several principles of disaster management, which include the right use of resources for the day-to-day purposes, coordination between various organizations, efforts of individuals, focus of large scale events, right knowledge of geographical location and nature of the society etc. In India, there are many areas, which are often affected with natural calamity or manmade disasters, management of which are now top priority in universities/institutes of higher education. As a result, the study of disaster management has been included in recently restructured postgraduate programs at CCS HAU Hisar. The unit I of ‘Manual on Disaster Management’ discusses various natural disasters; their meaning and nature, their types and effects. The unit II discuss man made Disasters and unit III discuss management of all these disasters at various levels. They focus various precautionary measures that one needs to take to get one prepared from various disasters prevalent in our country and also focus on various structural and non-structural measures that we need to take to combat such disasters. The course on Disaster Management aims at having a practical understanding of managing disasters. I hope this manual will help the PG students who are the future of the nation and volunteers to be able to cope up with disasters and be better disaster managers and save many precious lives. I congratulate Dr Diwan Singh, Professor and Head, Dept of Agril Meteorology (Nodal Dept for this e-course) and his colleagues in designing and preparing ‘E-Course Manual on Disaster Management’ compulsory for all postgraduate programs/disciplines in CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar from academic session of 2010-11 onward. (OP Toky) July, 2010 Dean Post Graduate Studies CCS HAU Hisar Preface A disaster refers to an extreme disruption of the functioning of a society that causes widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected society to cope with alone. The events like droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes by themselves, are not considered disasters. Rather, they become disasters when they adversely and seriously affect human life, livelihoods and property. Disaster management refers to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of natural as well as man made disasters. Therefore, to predict and—where possible—prevent them, mitigate their effects on vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences. Early warning and early action offer concrete ways for doing so, locally and globally. Disaster management is a continuous and integrated process of wide range of activities and resources rather than from a distinct sectoral activity. It requires the contributions of many different areas—ranging from training and logistics, to health care to institutional development. We are highly thankful to Dr KS Khokhar, worthy Vice Chancellor, CCS HAU Hisar for his keen interest and guidance on framing the present e- course on ‘Disaster Management’ and entrusting the Department of Agricultural Meteorology the responsibility of nodal department for teaching the course to all PG students to be admitted in the university w.e.f. current academic session (2010-11). The authors are also thankful to Dr OP Toky, Dean, Post Graduate Studies, CCS HAU Hisar for his guidance and encouragement in preparation of the manual and writing Foreword. The reference material collected from various public domain portals for compilation of e-manual is also duefully acknowledged. The authors’ earnest hope is that this manual will serve as a useful reference material for our students in managing natural/man made disasters in most effective way to save lives and livelihoods to safeguard the development of the state and the nation. Diwan Singh Ram Niwas Raj Singh Surender S Dhankhar ML Khichar Contents Unit # Title (s) Page # I Natural Disasters 1-24 Meaning and Nature, Types and Effects etc 1-3 Floods, Drought, Cyclone 3-10 Earthquakes, Landslides, Avalanches 11-15 Volcanic Eruptions 15-16 Heat and Cold Waves 16-17 Climatic Change - Global Warming, Sea Level Rise 17-22 Ozone Depletion 22-24 II Man-made Disasters 24-102 Nuclear Disasters, Chemical Disasters, Biological Disasters 24-56 Building Fire, Coal fire, Forest Fire, Oil fire 56-88 Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Industrial Wastewater Pollution 88-95 Deforestation 95-97 Road and Rail Accidents 97-100 Air and Sea Accidents 100-102 III Disaster Management 103-131 Disaster Management System 103-107 National Disaster Management Authority 108-121 National Institute of Disaster Management 122-123 National Disaster Management Framework 123-128 Financial Arrangements 128 National Disaster Response Force 129-130 Challenges in Disaster Management Plan 130-131 International Day for Risk Reduction 131 Suggested Readings and Web Resources 132 PGS-505 (e-Course) Disaster Management Unit-I What is disaster? The term ‗Disaster‘ owes its origin to the French word desastre, which is a combination of two words ‗des‘ meaning bad and ‗aster‘ meaning star. Thus, the term ‗disaster‘ refers to ‗Bad or Evil Star‘. In earlier days disasters were considered to be an outcome or outburst of some unfavorable star. Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. WHO has defined Disaster as- Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community. What are we talking about? A Disaster is … • a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss or destruction Webster dictionary) • some rapid, instantaneous or profound impact of the natural environment upon the socio-economic system" (Alexander, 1993) • an event, concentrated in time and space, which threatens a society or a relatively self -sufficient subdivision of a society with major unwanted consequences as a result of precautions which had hitherto been culturally accepted as unwanted (Turner, 1976). • an extreme event as any manifestation of the earth's system (lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere or atmosphere) which differs substantially from the mean (Alexander, 1993). • an event that results in death or injury to humans, and damage or loss of valuable good, such as buildings, communication systems, agricultural land, forest, natural environment etc. Types of Disaster Generally, disasters are of two types – Natural and Manmade. Based on the devastation, these are further classified into major/minor natural disaster and major/minor manmade disasters. Some of the disasters are listed below: 1 http://hau.ernet.in/coa/agromet.htm PGS-505 (e-Course) Disaster Management Major natural disasters: Minor natural disasters: • Flood • Cold wave • Cyclone • Thunderstorms • Drought • Heat waves • Earthquake • Mud slides • Storm Major man-made disaster: • Setting of fires Minor man-made disaster: • Epidemic • Road / train/ air accidents, riots • Deforestation • Food poisoning • Pollution due to prawn cultivation • Industrial disaster/ crisis • Chemical pollution. • Environmental pollution • Wars Risk: Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazardous event of a particular magnitude occurring in a given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of particular occurrences and the losses each would cause. The level of risk depends on: • Nature of the Hazard • Vulnerability of the elements which are affected • Economic value of those elements Vulnerability: It is defined as ―the extent to which a community, structure, service, and/or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area.‖ Hazards: Hazards are defined as ―Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures, or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. They could be either manmade or naturally occurring in our