The Management of Conflicts in Kenya Research Report by: Lazarus Kubasu Nolasco Conflict Specialist October 2017 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSFEHLER! TEXTMARKE NICHT DEFINIERT. 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................... 12 1.1 BRIEF SUMMARY OF CONFLICTS IN KENYA ............................................ 12 1.2 SUMMARY OF GOVERNMENT POLICY RESPONSES TO CONFLICTS ... 14 2. TERMS OF REFENCES BACKGROUND ......................................................... 19 2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ..................................................................... 19 2.2 RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY ........................................................................ 20 2.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .................................................................................... 21 2.4 EXPECTED RESULTS OF THE STUDY .......................................................... 21 2.6 KEY ISSUES CONSIDERED DURING THE STUDY ...................................... 22 2.7 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 23 2.7.1 General Approach ......................................................................................... 23 2.7.2 Pre-Planning Meeting with Rosa Lex and ACT ............................................ 23 2.7.3 Consultation with National Institutions ........................................................ 24 2.7.4 Review of Previous Conflict Reports and Studies ......................................... 24 2.7.5 Field Visits Studies ........................................................................................ 24 2.8 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 27 2.8.1 Comparison & Pattern Analysis ................................................................... 27 2.8.2 Mixed-Methods Integration/Findings Synthesis ........................................... 27 2.8.3 Methodological Strengths and Limitations ................................................... 27 2.9 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ............................................................... 28 3. FIELD FINDINGS ON EXISTING CONFLICTS & GOVERNMENT RESPONSES ................................................................................................................... 29 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 29 3.2 THE CHALLENGE OF ETHNO-POLITICAL VIOLENCE .............................. 30 3.2.1 Government Response – Policies and Institutions ........................................ 32 3.2.1.1 Constitution 2010 ......................................................................................... 33 2 3.2.1.2 Electoral Reform .......................................................................................... 34 3.2.1.3 Judicial Reform ............................................................................................ 35 3.2.1.4 Transitional Justice ...................................................................................... 37 3.2.1.5 Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) ................................ 37 3.2.1.6 Police Reform............................................................................................... 38 3.2.1.7 Curbing Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation ............................... 39 3.2.1.8 National Cohesion and Integration Commission ......................................... 41 3.2.1.9 National Steering Committee on Peacebuilding and Conflict Management (NSC) 43 3.2.1.10 District Peace Committees .......................................................................... 43 3.3 THE CHALLENGE OF CROSS-BORDER CONFLICTS .................................. 43 3.3.1 Karamajong Cross Border Cluster Conflict ................................................. 48 3.3.2 Government Response ................................................................................... 49 3.3.2.1 IGAD-CEWARN Mechanism ....................................................................... 49 3.3.2.2 Border Management on Kenyan Borders .................................................... 51 3.3.2.3 IGAD Cross-Border Climate Drought Management Programs (IDDRSI, ICPAC, ICPALD) ...................................................................................................... 52 3.3.2.4 USAID - PEACE II PROGRAM ................................................................... 53 3.3.2.5 Local Government and Local Peace Committee Initiatives ........................ 54 3.4 THE CHALLENGE OF RADICAL ISLAMIC ACTIVITIES ............................ 55 3.4.1 Government Response ................................................................................... 59 3.4.1.1 Formation of Kenya Anti-Terror Police Unit (ATPU) ................................ 59 3.4.1.2 National Counter-Terrorism Strategy.......................................................... 59 3.4.1.3 Operations Linda Nchi ................................................................................. 60 3.4.1.4 Security Law Amendments ........................................................................... 61 3.4.1.5 Nyumba Kumi Initiative ............................................................................... 62 3.4.1.6 Countering Violent Extremism Summit-2015 .............................................. 62 3.4.1.7 Inter-Faith and Intra-Faith Dialogues ........................................................ 63 3.4.1.8 US Counterterrorism Partnership Fund ...................................................... 63 3.4.1.9 Kenya Tuna Uwezo Program ....................................................................... 64 3 3.4.1.10 USAID Peace III -Regional Cross-Border Activity .................................... 64 3.4.1.11 Maritime Security........................................................................................ 65 3.5 PASTORALIST CONFLICT CHALLENGE ...................................................... 65 3.5.1 Government Response ................................................................................... 69 3.5.1.1 National Steering Committee and Sub-County Peace Committees ............. 69 3.5.1.2 USAID Support of Resilience Programs in Pastoralists’ Regions .............. 69 3.5.1.3 Pastoralist Livelihood Activities Supported under Regional Pastoral Livelihood Resilience Program................................................................................. 71 3.5.1.4 Kenya Police Reserve and National Police Reserve Policy ........................ 72 3.5.1.5 Equalization Fund and Peace Dividend Project in Pastoral Area .............. 72 3.5.1.6 Drought Preparedness and Response in Pastoral Areas ............................. 73 3.5.1.7 CSOs Peace Initiatives in Pastoral Areas ................................................... 73 3.5.1.8 Government Peace–Keeping Initiatives ....................................................... 74 3.6 THE CHALLENGE OF LAND RESOURCES CONFLICT ............................... 74 3.6.1 Government Response ................................................................................... 79 3.6.1.1 National Land Policy ................................................................................... 79 3.6.1.2 The Constitution of Kenya 2010 on Land ..................................................... 80 3.6.1.3 Defining Land Tenure System in Kenya....................................................... 81 3.6.1.4 NLP Framework for Solving the Squatter Problem ..................................... 83 3.6.1.5 Land in Slums and Informal Settlements in Kenya ...................................... 83 3.6.1.6 New Land administration framework through National Spatial Data Infrastructure in Kenya ............................................................................................. 84 3.6.1.7 Land Act 2012 .............................................................................................. 84 3.6.1.8 Land Registration Act 2012 ......................................................................... 84 3.6.1.9 National Land Commission.......................................................................... 85 3.6.1.10Community Land Act 2016........................................................................... 86 3.6.1.11Community Land Management Committee .................................................. 88 3.7 HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT ....................................................................... 89 3.7.1 Government Response ................................................................................... 91 3.7.1.1 Fencing the National Reserve ...................................................................... 91 4 3.7.1.2 Watchtowers .................................................................................................. 92 3.7.1.3 Fear-provoking Stimuli ................................................................................ 92 3.7.1.4 Movement Activated Guard (MAG ............................................................... 92 3.7.1.5 Removing Locals from their Lands or Killing Animals that Stray from the National Parks .......................................................................................................... 92 3.7.1.6 Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 ....................................