FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE – THE LOWER GERMAN LIMES —— NOMINATION FILE FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST PART I - NOMINATION FILE 1 CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 7 State parties ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 State, Province or Region ................................................................................................................................... 7 Name of Property ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Geographical coordinates to the nearest 10 m .................................................................................................. 7 Textual description of the boundaries of the nominated property ................................................................. 11 Map of the nominated property ...................................................................................................................... 12 Criteria under which property is nominated .................................................................................................... 12 Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value ............................................................................................. 14 Name and contact information of official local institutions/agencies ............................................................. 16 1 Identification of the Property ...................................................................................................................... 19 1.a State parties ............................................................................................................................................ 19 1.b State, Province or Region ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.c Name of Property ................................................................................................................................... 19 1.d Geographical coordinates to the nearest 10 m ...................................................................................... 22 1.e Maps and plans. showing the boundaries of the nominated property and buffer zones ...................... 27 1.f Area of nominated property (ha) and buffer zone (ha) .......................................................................... 32 2 Description .................................................................................................................................................. 39 2.a Description of Property........................................................................................................................... 39 2.a.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 39 2.a.2 General description ....................................................................................................................... 41 2.a.3 The first linear frontier, embedded in a dynamic river landscape ................................................ 43 2.a.4 Elements of Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes ..................................... 51 2.a.5 Selection process and overview of component parts ................................................................... 57 2.b History and Development ....................................................................................................................... 84 2 2.b.1 The Roman Empire and its frontiers ............................................................................................. 84 2.b.2 History of the Lower German Limes .............................................................................................. 87 2.b.3 Later developments ...................................................................................................................... 91 3 Justification for Inscription .......................................................................................................................... 99 3.1.a Brief synthesis ............................................................................................................................... 99 3.1.b Criteria under which inscription is proposed .............................................................................. 112 3.1.c Statement of Integrity ................................................................................................................. 114 3.1.d Statement of Authenticity ........................................................................................................... 124 3.1.e Protection and management requirements ................................................................................ 126 3.2 Comparative Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 128 External comparison .................................................................................................................................. 129 Internal comparison .................................................................................................................................. 129 Selection of component parts ................................................................................................................... 132 3.3 Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value .......................................................................... 133 4 State of Conservation and factors affecting the Property ......................................................................... 137 4.a Present state of conservation ............................................................................................................... 137 4.a.1 Assessment of the state of conservation .................................................................................... 137 4.a.2 Conservation measures ............................................................................................................... 152 4.b Factors affecting the property .............................................................................................................. 153 (i) Development pressures ................................................................................................................... 153 (ii) Environmental pressures ................................................................................................................. 157 (iii) Natural disasters and risk preparedness .......................................................................................... 158 (iv) Other factors .................................................................................................................................... 159 (v) Responsible visitation at World Heritage Sites ................................................................................ 159 (vi) Number of inhabitants within the property and the buffer zone .................................................... 160 5 Protection and management of the property ........................................................................................... 165 5.a Ownership ............................................................................................................................................. 165 5.b Protective designation .......................................................................................................................... 168 3 5.b.1 Protective regulations and other instruments ............................................................................ 168 5.b.2 Rationale of the buffer zone ....................................................................................................... 186 5.c Means of implementing protective measures ...................................................................................... 192 5.d Existing plans ........................................................................................................................................ 195 5.e Property management plan .................................................................................................................. 199 International framework ........................................................................................................................... 199 5.f Sources and levels of finance ................................................................................................................ 201 5.g Sources of expertise and training in conservation and management techniques ................................ 203 5.h Visitor facilities and infrastructure ....................................................................................................... 205 5.i Policies and programmes related to the presentation and promotion of the property ...................... 213 5.j Staffing levels and expertise ................................................................................................................. 215 6 Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................. 219 6.a