Visual Adaptation to a Remapped Spectrum Lessons for Enactive Theories of Color Perception and Constancy, the Effect of Color on Aesthetic Judgments, and the Memory Color Effect Rick Grush, Li!erty Jas"al, Justin #noepfler $ Amanda %rovold Many forms of visual adaptation have !een studied, including spatial displace& Authors ments 'Heuer $ Hegele 2008(, spatial inversions and rotations 'Heuer $ Rapp 2011(, removing or enhancing various colors in the visual spectrum 'Belmore $ Rick rush Shevell 2011) Kohler 1963(, and even luminance inversion 'Anstis 1992(* %ut rick9 mind*ucsd*edu there have !een no studies that have assessed adaptation to an inverted spectrum, or more generally color rotation* +e present the results of an adaptation protocol :niversity of 4an -iego on t"o su!,ects "ho "ore LCD goggles that "ere driven !y a video camera, !ut 4an -iego, CA, :*4*A. such that the visual scene presented to su!,ects "as color-rotated !y ./01, so that !lue o!,ects appeared green, green o!,ects appeared red, and red o!,ects ap& Li!erty Jaswal peared !lue '"ith non-primary colors !eing analogously remapped(* 2ne su!,ect "ore the apparatus intermittently for several hours per day for a "eek* The Justin #noepfler second su!,ect "ore the apparatus continually for si3 days, meaning that all his visual input for those si3 days "as color rotated* 4everal e3periments "ere run to Amanda %rovold assess the kinds and degrees of adaptation, including Stroop '1935(, the memory a!rovold9miracosta*edu color effect 'Hansen et al. 2006(, and aesthetic ,udgments of food and people* MiraCosta College 4everal additional phenomena "ere assessed and noticed, especially "ith respect 2ceanside, CA, :*4*A. to color constancy and phenomenal adaptation* The results "ere that color con& stancy initially "as not present "hen colors "ere rotated, !ut !oth su!,ects adap& Commentator ted so that color constancy returned* Ho"ever, there "as no evidence of phenom& enal color adaptation* Tomatoes continued to look !lue, su!,ects did not adapt so Aleksandra Mroczko&+<so"icz that they started to look red again* +e found no relia!le 4troop result* %ut there mroczko&"aso"icz9hotmail*com "as an adaptation to the memory color effect* Also, interesting differences "ere revealed in the "ay color affects aesthetic ,udgments of food versus people, and 國立陽明大學 differences in adaptation to those effects. =ational >ang Ming :niversity Taipei, Tai"an Keywords Aesthetic ,udgments 6 Color constancy 6 Color phenomenology 6 Color rotation 6 Editors Enactive perception 6 7nverted spectrum 6 7nverted spectrum thought e3periment 6 Memory color effect 6 Phenomenal adaptation 6 4emantic adaptation 6 4troop 6 Thomas Met;inger 8isual adaptation met;inger9uni-main;*de Johannes uten!erg&:niversit?t Main;, ermany Jennifer M* +indt ,ennifer*"indt9 monash*edu Monash :niversity Mel!ourne, Australia rush, R*, Jaswal, L*, #noepfler, J* $ %rovold, A* '/0.@(* 8isual Adaptation to a Remapped 4pectrum 7n T* Met;inger $ J* M* +indt 'Eds(* Open MIND: .A'T(* Brankfurt am MainC M7=- roup* doiC .0*.@@0/DEFGHE@G@F0/GH 1 | .A """*open&mind*net 1 Introduction he i!ea of a su#$e%t &hose visual e'perien%e is #ut &ith %olor rotation +see "igure 2-. /n a 1209 %olor inverte! has been a philosophi%al mainsta( !egree rotation. greens #e%ome re!s. re!s #e%ome at least sin%e Lo%*e +1975-. an! has "uelle! a #lues. an! #lues #e%ome greens +see "igure 3-. great !eal of philosophi%al &ork on the nature :ne reason to emplo( a rotation rather of perception up to the present !a(. /n ps(%ho0 than an inversion is that in a rotation. all %olors logy. testing the e'tent to &hi%h su#$e%ts1 visual map to !i""erent colors. whereas in a spe%tral in0 s(stems %an adapt to alterations in visual input version. the mi!!le of the spe%trum maps to it0 has li*e&ise #een a "ruit"ul mainsta( "or over a sel". an! so not all %olors !i""er. Also, &ith a %entury +"or %urrent research an! re"eren%es see 120° rotation. primary %olors map to primar( Heuer 2 Hegele 20083 Heuer 2 Rapp 20113 Bel0 %olors. an! this &as %onvenient "or testing pur0 more 2 Shevell 2011-. 4espite these t&o "acts. poses. 8or instan%e. &e &ante! to test semanti% adaptation to an inverte! spe%trum has never adaptation via a Stroop tas*. an! Stroop is !i"0 #een stu!ie!. 5iven that there is adaptation to "i%ult to test i" one is dealing with non0%anoni%al a &i!e range of !istortions to visual input. in0 %olors +sin%e su#$e%ts pause to thin* of &hat %lu!ing spatial manipulations an! spe%tral "il0 seems to #e the #est name "or the %olor: <= um, tering, &e spe%ulate! that it &as %on%eivable peri&in*le6>-. /t &as important that the te't that there might #e a!aptation. in some "orm or &as %olore! in a primary %olor !uring #aseline other, to %olor rotation. hat is. i" visual input testing +#e"ore su#$e%ts1 vision &as %olor- &as re&orke! su%h that tomatoes appeare! altere!-. an! that it %ontinue! to #e presente! #lue. &oul! su#$e%ts over time adapt so that to0 in a primary %olor !uring testing &hile %olors matoes regaine! their normal +re!- phenomenal &ere altere!. appearan%e6 An! even i" su%h a sho%*ing result !i! not o%%ur, might there nevertheless #e a!0 aptation to other %olor-relevant phenomena, su%h as %olor %onstan%(. aestheti% $u!gments. or the memor(0%olor e""e%t6 Figure 2: ?olor rotation. /" %olors on the le"t !is* are Figure 1: An inverte! spe%trum. he "amiliar re!0to-vi0 mappe! to %olors that are 1/3 of a %lo%*&ise rotation olet spe%trum lai! out "rom le"t to right (top- %ompare! (120º), then green (lo&er le"t) maps on to re! (slightl( to an inverte! violet-to-re! spe%trum "rom le"t to right le"t of the top-3 re! maps to #lue (mi!!le right); an! so +#ottom). Note that the %entral %olors map to themselves "orth. he !is* on the right is a 120º %olor0rotate! ver0 or ver( similar %olors. sion of the !is* on the le"t. 7e teste! this as "ollo&s. 8irst. rather than he rotation &as implemente! in the "ol0 an inverte! spe%trum. &e emplo(e! a rotated lo&ing &a(. A small vi!eo %amera &as mounte! spectrum. An inverte! spe%trum is one in &hi%h on a #i*e helmet. as &ere a pair of )?4 goggles one ta*es the usual re!0to0violet spe%trum an! +see "igure B-. he si!es of the goggles &ere $ust reverses it to get a mapping "rom %olors to seale! against the &earer’s "ace so that there %olors. Re! &oul! map to violet. orange to #lue. &as no peripheral visual input3 su#$e%ts %oul! violet to re!. an! so on +see "igure 1-. onl( see &hat &as !ispla(e! on the )?4s. he 8or t&o reasons &e %hose to s(stemati%all( vi!eo %amera output &as run to a laptop %om0 alter %olor input not &ith an inverte! spe%trum. puter. &hi%h ran soft&are that %olor-rotate! the rush, R*, Jaswal, L*, #noepfler, J* $ %rovold, A* '/0.@(* 8isual Adaptation to a Remapped 4pectrum 7n T* Met;inger $ J* M* +indt 'Eds(* Open MIND: .A'T(* Brankfurt am MainC M7=- roup* doiC .0*.@@0/DEFGHE@G@F0/GH 2 | .A """*open&mind*net vi!eo "ee! an! pushe! the result to the )?4 &ere a&are of the proto%ol an! ris*s. an! &ere goggles. he su#$e%t &oul! &ear the #i*e hel0 intimatel( "amiliar &ith the relevant eGuipment met an! %arry a #ag that hel! the laptop an! an! potential problems an! so in a position to #attery pac*s "or the laptop. %amera. an! more ac%uratel( assess %on!itions un!er &hi%h goggles. /n &hat "ollo&s &e &ill re"er to this as the proto%ol shoul! #e aborte!. some of the the rotation gear. or simpl( the gear. Moreover, %on%erns &ere ease!. an! approval &as eventu0 &e &ill use the e'pression under rotation to all( grante!. Moreover, investigators &ere &ill0 re"er to the %on!ition of having one1s visual in0 ing to put themselves through the arduous pro0 put %olor-rotate! #( the gear. /n ad!ition to ro0 to%ol. tating the spe%trum +the intentional e""e%t-. the Su#$e%t 1 +R5- &ore the gear intermit0 gear also eliminate! #ino%ular !isparit( sin%e tentl(. in several multi0hour sessions per !a( "or there &as onl( one %amera +&hi%h pro$e%te! the a &ee*. &o reasons "or an initial intermittent same image to #oth e(es-. an! also impaire! proto%ol &ere. "irst. that it &oul! allo& us to peripheral vision. sin%e the %amera1s "iel! of trou#le-shoot the eGuipment—i" it had to #e vie& &as less than normal vision. As a result. shut !o&n "or a "e& hours "or tin*ering this &hile most normal activities &ere possi#le +i" &oul! not interfere &ith the proto%ol. an! &e %um#ersome-. some. su%h as !riving a motor &ante! to ensure that everything &as "un%tion0 vehi%le. were not possi#le. ing smoothl( #e"ore su#$e%t IK1s %ontinuous proto%ol #egan. An!. se%on!. &e &ante! to %ompare the results o" a su#$e%t &ho &ore the gear intermittentl( &ith the results of one &ho &ore it %ontinuall(.