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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 HYLER, Joseph Ira, 1943* THE SOCIAL THOUGHT OF GEORGE DOUGLAS HOWARD COLE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Political Science, general Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1975 JOSEPH IRA HYLER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE SOCIAL THOUGHT OP GEORGE DOUGLAS HOWARD COLE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Joseph Ira Hyler, B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Professor John R. Champlin, Chairman Professor David Spitz Approved by Professor Laurence J. R. Herson Professor Randall B. Ripley Adviser Department of Political Science VITA March 23, 194-3 . Born - New York, New York 1965 .................. B.A., Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 1968 ............... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1970 ........... Teaching Assistant, Department of Political Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1970-1971 ........... Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 1972-1973 .••••• Instructor, Department of Political Science, The State University College at Potsdam, Potsdam, New York il TABLE OP CONTENTS Page VITA ................................................... ii INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 Chapter I. FREEDOM, COOPERATION AND PARTICIPATION .... 9 II. MONOPOLY CAPITALIST SOCIETY ................. 31 III. GUILD SOCIALISM.............................. 4-8 IV. CENTRALLY PLANNED SOCIALISM .................. 79 V. EUROPEAN SUPRA-NATIONAL SOCIALISM ........... 11? VI. STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE .......................... 126 VII. THE CAUSES OF W A R ...............................165 VIII. CONCLUSION...................................... 184- BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................208 111 TABLE OP CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.............................................1 Chapter ONE FREEDOM, COOPERATION AND PARTICIPATION....... 9 TWO MONOPOLY CAPITALIST SOCIETY..................31 THREE GUILD SOCIALISM.............................. 48 POUR CENTRALLY PLANNED SOCIALISM.................. 79 FIVE EUROPEAN SUPRA-NATIONAL SOCIALISM.......... 117 SIX STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE....................... 126 SEVEN THE CAUSES OP WAR........................... 165 EIGHT CONCLUSION................................... 184 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 208 INTRODUCTION George Douglas Howard Cole was born in Cambridge on September 25, 1889. His father, a successful estate agent in Ealing, provided his family a large house on a "highly re­ spectable street in a highly respectable suburb."1 G. D. H. was educated at St. Pauls public school. His primary interests at school were literature and art. At St. Pauls Cole also converted to socialism. After reading William Morris he re­ alized that only socialism could "make life and living decent P and beautiful instead of shameful and squalid." In 1908 Cole entered Balliol at Oxford, where he edited the school newspaper, the Oxford Reformer, and made his first acquain­ tance with Sidney and Beatrice Webb. In 1912 he took his degree with first-class honors and in the fall accepted a post as Lecturer in Philosophy at Armstrong College, Newcastle- upon-Tyne. The next year he received a Prize Fellowship to Magdalen College at Oxford. This meant an annual Income for several years of several hundred pounds without any obligation to teach or to do anything else. After the fellowship ended in 1919» Cole served as part-time Secretary to the Advisory Committees of the Labor Party, where he oversaw the research of various volunteer teams. He then worked as Labor Margaret Cole, The Life of G. D. H. Cole. (London: Macmillan, 1971). P« 2^7 2Ibid., p. 3^ Correspondent for the Manchester Guardian for a short while. Cole was not suited for regular journalism, but throughout his life he did write pieces for left-wing periodicals, par­ ticularly the New Statesman. In 1925 he became a Reader in Economics at Oxford and stayed there for almost the rest of his life, teaching economics and social theory. G. D. H. was always the political activist. In 1915 he helped found the National Guilds League, a propaganda or­ ganization spreading Guild Socialist ideas, and was an active member of it until its death in the early 1920*s. Later, in 1930, in order to pressure the Labor Party from the left, Cole helped found and write for the Society for Socialist Inquiry and Propaganda. This organization was composed of loyal grousers,' Labor Party members who were also dedicated socialists and wanted their party to take more forthright pro­ socialist positions.Cole did not play a large part in the organizational affairs of the Labor Party. This seems to be because he did not want to compromise his "loyal grouser" attitude. He did, however, at the Party's urging, twice run for Parliament. In 1931 he resigned his candidacy and in 19^5 he was defeated. Cole was also a member of the Pabian Society and its chairman from 1939-19^6 and from 19^8-1950* In 1956, although in poor health, believing that the leading European social democrat politicians were only interested in establishing a welfare state and unhappy with developments in the communist countries. Cole helped form and became President 3ibld.. pp. 175-176. of the International Society for Socialist Studies* Cole hoped the Society could do for European social democracy what the Fabians had tried to do for the Labor Party, that is, h to infuse a socialist spirit. Cole was also active in the trade union movement. In 1915 he became research officer for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. In 1920 he helped organize the National Feder­ ation of Professional Workers, a collection of various groups including the Railway Clerks Association, the Post Office workers, and the National Union of Foremen, all of whom were in the lower grades of state-owned or state-controlled indus­ tries and interested in promoting worker1s control in their respective concerns. Cole was a member of the University Strike Committee during the General Strike of 1926. In later years, probably as a reflection of the general trend toward greater divisiveness between the trade unions and the social­ ist intellectuals, Cole took less part in trade union activi­ ties. He did, however, write many books under the aegis of various trade unions and was one of the few socialist intel­ lectuals on fairly good terms with most unionists. Cole's primary interest was in education. He was not only a teacher at Oxford; he also played a leading role in working-class education. In 1921 Cole became director of Tutorial classes for the Worker's Educational Association be­ ginning, writes Margaret Cole, "the long and close association ^Biographical information can be found in M. Cole, The Life of G. D. H. Cole. L. P. Carpenter, G. D. H. Cole - TST Intellectual Biography. (London: Cambridge University Press 1973)» and in George Haggar, The Political and Social Thought of G. D. H. Cole. (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1966J". with working-class education which continued as ‘background music' varying only in Intensity throughout his life, and, incidentally, did much to shape up the Worker's Educational Association itself."5 After leaving his post in London, Cole helped establish the WEA's Oxford District and was the National Vice-President of the organization until 1938. The WEA, a private voluntary association founded in 1903# cooperated with the universities in making tutors available to the working class. The