Genetics and Mutagenesis of Fish Edited by J. H. Schroder With Contributions by F. W. Allendorf, A. Anders' F. Anders' N. Egami . W. Engel H. O. Hodgins' S. Holzberg . Y. Hyodo-Taguchi . A. G. Johnson K. D. Kallman' V. S. Kirpichnikov . K. Klinke' C. Kosswig K. Lepper' R. F. Lincoln' W. Lueken· Ch. Meske' J. L. Mighell E. T. Miller' S. Ohno . J. Parzevall . G. Peters' N. Peters' A. Post C. E. Purdom . D. L. Pursglove· H.-H. Reichenbach-Klinke H.-H. Ropers' N. Satoh . J. J. Scheel . E. R. Schmidt· A. Scholl J. H. Schroder' R. J. Schultz· M. Schwab' J. B. Shaklee . F. M. Utter J. Vielkind . U. Vielkind . G. S. Whitt· H. Wilkens' U. Wolf D. S. Woodhead With 132 Figures Springer-Verlag' Berlin' Heidelberg· New York 1973 Dr. Johannes Horst Schroder Institut fUr Biologie Gesellschaft fUr Strahlen- und Umweltforschung D 8042 Neuherberg/Munich ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65702-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65700-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-65700-9 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, repro­ duction by photocoping machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1973. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-11601. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973 Genetics and Mutagenesis of Fish Edited by J. H. Schroder With Contributions by F. W. Allendorf· A. Anders . F. Anders . N. Egami . W. Engel H. O. Hodgins' S. Holzberg . Y. Hyodo-Taguchi . A. G. Johnson K. D. Kallman' V. S. Kirpichnikov . K. Klinke' C. Kosswig K. Lepper' R. F. Lincoln' W. Lueken' Ch. Meske' J. L. Mighell E. T. Miller' S. Ohno . J. Parzevall . G. Peters' N. Peters' A. Post C. E. Purdom' D. L. Pursglove' H.-H. Reichenbach-Klinke H.-H. Ropers . N. Satoh . J. J. Scheel' E. R. Schmidt· A. Scholl J. H. Schroder' R. J. Schultz· M. Schwab' J. B. Shaklee . F. M. Utter J. Vielkind . U. Vielkind . G. S. Whitt· H. Wilkens' U. Wolf D. S.Woodhead With 132 Figures Springer-Verlag· New York· Heidelberg· Berlin 1973 Dr. Johannes Horst Schroder Institut fUr Biologie Gesellschaft fUr Strahlen- und Umweltforschung D 8042 Neuherberg/Munich ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65702-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65700-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-65700-9 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, repro­ duction by photocoping machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin' Heidelberg 1973. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-11601. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973 Preface The present volume contains papers presented on the occasion of the Ichthyological Symposium on Genetics and Mutagenesis held on October 13 through 15, 1972 at the Biology Institute of the Association for Radia­ tion and Environmental Research in Neuherberg near Munich, Germany. These symposia have been held annually since 1955 by former students of Prof. C. Kosswig and Prof. F. Anders in Hamburg or Giessen. In the last two years attendance has increased beyond the national German basis, but the Neuherberg meeting of fish geneticists was the first that could be called "international", the participants coming from twelve different countries. The organization of this meeting was made possible by the support of the Association for Radiation and Environmental Research, which provided the financial backing; special thanks are due to Min.­ Rat. H. Costa and Dr. R. Wittenzellner. The scientific advice and encouragement of the Director of the Biology Institute, Prof. O. Hug, was also much appreciated, as was the helpful assistance of Dr. B. Betz and Dr. K. Gottel. In addition, I have to thank my colleagues and co­ workers Mdmes. E. Neubner, I.S. Otten, and K. Peters, Messrs. M. Murr and M. Wiestner, and Dr. S. Holzberg for their help in organizing the meeting. Apart from the papers presented at the above symposium, we have in­ cluded some papers by colleagues who were unable to attend the meeting. The contents of this volume may thus be considered 'representative of current research on the genetics and mutagenesis of fish. First there is a historical review indicating the importance of fish in the study of genetics, by Prof. Dr. C. Kosswig, himself one of the founders of ichthyogenetics in a broad sense. Subsequent contributions are arranged according to the main features of ichthyogenetics: sex determination and melanoma formation; mutagenesis; chromosomes and cytol­ ogy; ethology; evolution; and biochemistry. Such an arrangement is, of course artificial, but helpful for locating certain topics. For example, the paper by Holzberg on inherited changes in male aggressiveness in postirradiation generations of convict cichlids could have been placed in either the mutagenesis or the ethology chapter of this book, since aggressiveness is a behavioural trait. Some of the papers give monograph-type summaries of certain areas in fish genetics, while others go into detail, for instance, Kallman's paper on the geographical distribution of homo- and heterogametic females and males within the species, xiphophorus maculatus. Japanese fish geneticists present a preliminary report on sex determination in the germ cells of transplanted gonads as compared to normal gonads of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Anders and coworkers summarize their recent studies concerning the inheritance and mutagenesis of the regula­ tion system of melanomas in xiphophorin fish. The next chapter deals with mutagenesis in fish, a topic already men­ tioned in the preceding chapter on sex determination and melanoma forma­ tion. Purdom and Woodhead survey genetic and somatic radiation damage in fish, ionizing radiation being the only mutagenetic agent so far used systematically in fish mutagenesis. Egami and Hyodo-Taguchi describe dose­ mutation relationships in dominant lethal mutations after irradiation of either female or male germ cells of the medaka. Purdom and Lincoln discuss radiation-induced gynogenesis in marine flatfish, which can even lead to triploid forms. These results are not merely of theoreti­ cal interest, they also have practical significance, because it is now possible to obtain homozygous strains without several generations of inbreeding. Genetically well-defined strains are a prerequisite for fish breeding. Intensive farming of both sea and freshwater fish is the only way to ensure increased supplies of this important source of animal protein. Exploitation of marine fish alone would soon lead to a complete exhaustion of natural populations and endanger the nutri­ tional basis of the constantly growing human population. My own paper is a short survey of fish mutagenesis with the aim of en­ couraging geneticists to use teleostean fish which have proved an ex­ cellent tool for studying mutagenesis. In the chapter on chromosomes and cytology, Post describes unusual karyo­ types of two species and Scheel deals with the chromosomes of some anuran species. This author's earlier work on chromosomes has been very important in elucidating the evolutionary processes of African cyprinodontiform fish. He is now continuing his work with frogs, so providing more information on the evolution of karyotypes in lower vertebrates. Vielkind et al. describe the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the DNA of melanotic and amelanotic melanoma explants and the fate of bacterial DNA in embryos of poeciliid fish. Lueken et al. discuss the arrangement of pigment cells in pure-breeding strains and interspecific hybrids of xiphophorin fish. Meske describes the spermatozoa of eels bred to sexual maturity under experimental condi­ tions. The chapter on ethology contains only two contributions. As already mentioned, Holzberg reports his preliminary results on the aggressive­ ness of F2 cichlid males after ancestral irradiation in connection with the male aggressiveness of the precedent generation, whereas Parzefall deals with the sexual behaviour of Poecilia (Mollienesia) sphenops. The chapter on evolution exposes some problems of evolutionary processes in vertebrates. Poeciliid fish are very useful for such studies since they produce fertile inter-specific hybrids. The regressive evolution of cavernicolous forms was investigated by crossing the normal-eyed river fish with its subterristic blind and depigmented derivatives in the Astyanax complex. Stimulated by Kosswig, both Peters and Wilkens success­ fully used these characinid fish as model for the genetics of regressive evolution. Schultz discovered all-female populations which propagate by "hybridogenesis" and was successful in synthesizing an all-female "species" under laboratory conditions, thus justifying his hypothesis on the natural origin of hybridogenetic populations in the Poeciliopsis group of poeciliid fish. Ohno reviews recent results on evolution at the molecular level and explains his now widely accepted view on the conservative nature of selection and the importance of gene duplication and "junk" DNA for evolutionary processes in vertebrates.