Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea Edited by Xu Jianchu, Kim Kwang Ju, He Jun Illustrated by Yang Jiankun Correct citation: Xu, JC.; Kim, K.J.; He, J.; 2011. “Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea”. Kunming: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), China and East Asia Node © World Agroforestry Centre China and East Asia Node C/O Kunming Institute of Botany Heilongtan, Kunming, 650204 P. R. China Tel: +86-871-522 3014 Fax: +86-871-521 6350 Email: [email protected] www.worldagroforestry.org 2011 World Agroforestry Centre ISBN 978 92-9059-209-7 Photos Photos by contributing authors Layout: Dharma R Mahajran (Graphic Design) +977 984 1245 170 / +977 1 5543 828 Photos All photos by contributing authors Layout Dharma R Mahajran (Graphic Design) +977 984 1245 170 Printing in Kunming This publication may be quoted or reproduced without change, provided the source is acknowledged. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea Edited by Xu Jianchu, Kim Kwang Ju, and He Jun This book is an easy-to-follow, illustrated guide to the many aspects of agroforestry in DPR Korea, which promotes the use of trees by local people in their day-to-day farming activities. The book is aimed at adult farmers and extension staff, and contains eight comprehensive chapters on the different aspects of the subject, specific to the in-country conditions. Contents 1. Agroforestry Concepts 2. Agroforestry Classification 3. Participatory Planning 4. Agroforestry Development Cycle 5. Monitoring & Evaluation 6. Agroforestry Practices 7. Agroforestry Nursery 8. A Functional Nursery Network This book is a joint collaboration among the China and East Asia Node staff of the World Agroforestry Centre, the Swiss Cooperation Office and the Ministry of Land and Environmental Protection in DPR Korea. v Editor Xu Jianchu, World Agroforestry Center, East Asia Office Kim Kwang Ju, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP He Jun, World Agroforestry Center, East Asia Office Illustrator Yang Jiankun, World Agroforestry Center, East Asia Office Hyon Sang Chol, Fine Artist, Industry Publishing House, DPR Korea Contributors Jo Song Ryong, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP Gye Un Hui, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP Kim Kwon Mu, Academy of Forest Science Pak Je Un, Wonsan University of Agriculture Song Gi Ung, Gye Ung Sang College of Agriculture, Kim Il Sung University Sim Yong Nam, Sub-academy of Forest Sciences, State Academy of Sciences Choe Gwang Il, Sub-academy of Forest Sciences, State Academy of Sciences Pak Kon Gyu, Central Forestry Designing and Technical Institute Pang Chol Jun, Land Use Planning Institute Ho Myong Hyok, Project management and consulting service, MoLEP Kang Suk Gu, Industrial Publishing House Kim Jong Ok, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP Kim Kwang Pil, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP Pok Kwang Il, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP Kil Song Rim, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP An Min Hun, Project Management and Consulting Service, MoLEP Kim Won, Land Use Planning Institute Jo Gwang Song, Central Forestry Designing and Technical Institute vi Contents 1. Basic Agroforestry Concepts 1 1.1 What is agroforestry? 2 1.1.1 The history 2 1.1.2 Definitions and concepts 3 1.2 Why agroforestry? 5 1.2.1 A virtuous cycle 5 1.2.2 Rural livelihood 6 1.2.3 Sustainability 6 1.2.4 Land degradation and rehabilitation 8 1.2.5 Worldwide benefits 9 1.3 Agroforestry extent worldwide 10 1.4 The Korean environment 11 1.4.1 Location 11 1.4.2 Biophysical environment 12 1.4.3 Socioeconomic environment 13 1.5 The role of agroforestry 14 1.6 Agroforestry development pathways 23 1.7 Influence of agroforestry development 24 2. Agroforestry Classification 25 2.1 Purpose and criteria of classification 26 2.1.1 An integrated agroecosystem 26 2.1.2 Criteria for classification 27 2.2 Agroforestry system inventory 29 2.3 Agroforestry components and their interactions 31 2.4 Primary classification 34 2.5 Secondary classification 36 2.6 Components of agroforestry systems 37 2.7 Agroforestry in cropland 39 2.7.1 Rotational agroforestry 39 2.7.2 Spatial mixed agroforestry 42 2.7.3 Spatial zoned agroforestry 45 2.7.4 Agroforestry in pastures 52 2.7.5 Trees and animals (not pasture) 52 2.7.6 Trees and perennial tree crops 57 vii 3 Participatory Planning 63 3.1 Participatory concept 64 3.1.1 Why participatory 64 3.1.2 Basic concepts 65 3.2 Participatory processes 66 3.2.1 Creating a team 66 3.2.2 Participation 67 3.2.3 Local knowledge 68 3.2.4 Dialogue between knowledge systems 69 3.2.5 Knowledge innovations and appropriate interventions 71 3.2.6 Multipurpose trees and their uses 73 3.2.7 Community development 74 3.2.8 Criteria for sustainability 75 3.3 Methods and tools for PAF 76 3.3.1 Landscape assessment 77 3.3.2 Problem diagnoses and identifying priorities 80 3.3.3 Trend analysis and seasonality 82 3.3.4 Agroforestry species selection 84 4 Agroforestry Development Cycle 87 4.1 Six steps in designing agroforestry 88 4.1.1 Getting started 88 4.1.2 Looking for things to try 90 4.1.3 Designing an experiment 91 4.1.4 Trying out innovation 97 4.1.5 Sharing the results 98 4.1.6 Keeping up the process 99 4.2 Documentation and facilitation 100 4.3 Tips for participation 101 5 Monitoring and Evaluation 103 5.1 Understanding PM&E 104 5.2 Why PM&E? 105 5.3 Process and results of PM&E 105 5.4 Impacts and outcomes of PM&E 107 5.5 The magic wheel of PM&E 109 5.5.1 Defining the goals: Why? 110 5.5.2 Defining the object: What? 111 5.5.3 Defining the users: For whom? 112 5.5.4 Defining the implementers: Who? 113 5.5.5 The timing: When? 114 5.5.6 Selecting tools: How? 114 5.6 Planning for PM&E 116 viii 5.7 Developing a user group recording system 117 6 Agroforestry Practices 119 6.1 Tree Dominant Agroforestry 120 6.1.1 Larch taungya system 120 6.1.2 Korean Pine agroforestry system 122 6.1.3 Acacia agroforestry 124 6.1.4 Ulmus agroforestry 126 6.1.5 Eucommia agroforestry 128 6.1.6 Paper mulberry agroforestry 130 6.2 Alley cropping 132 6.2.1 Aronia alley cropping 132 6.2.2 Mulberry alley cropping 135 6.2.3 Seabuckthorn alley cropping 137 6.3 Oil Tree-based agroforestry system 139 6.3.1 Evodia agroforestry 139 6.3.2 Xanthoceras Sobifolia agroforestry 141 6.3.3 Zanthoxylum piperitum agroforestry 144 6.3.4 Juglans cordiformis agroforestry 146 6.4 Fruit-based agroforestry systems 148 6.4.1. Jujube agroforestry 148 6.4.2 Walnut agroforestry 150 6.4.3 Chestnut agroforestry 152 6.4.4 Hawthorn agroforestry 154 6.4.5 Apricot agroforestry 156 6.4.6 Persimmon agroforestry system 158 6.5 Shelterbelt agroforestry systems 160 6.5.1 Paulownia agroforestry 160 6.5.2 Poplar agroforestry 162 7 Agroforestry Nursery 165 7.1 Designing a nursery 166 7.1.1 What is a tree nursery? 166 7.1.2 What are the key steps in establishing a nursery? 167 7.1.3 What should the scale of the nursery be? 168 7.1.4 Large-scale commercial nurseries 169 7.1.5 Why do user groups need nurseries? 170 7.1.6 Where to establish nursery? 171 7.1.7 What should a nursery look like? 172 7.2 Tools and materials 173 7.2.1 Basic tools 174 7.2.2 Containers 175 7.2.3 Compost making 176 ix 7.2.4 Preparing the soil mix 177 7.2.5 Preparing the seedbed 178 7.3 Getting seeds ready 179 7.3.1 Selection of seed provenance 180 7.3.2 Selection of mother trees 181 7.3.3 Seed collection 183 7.3.4 Seed extraction 184 7.3.5 Seed processing and storage 188 7.3.6 Techniques of seed processing and storage 189 7.4 Producing the seedlings 190 7.4.1 Pre-germination preparation 191 7.4.2 Seed sowing 193 7.4.3 Pricking-out 297 7.4.4 Vegetative cutting for propagation 198 7.4.5 Grafting 201 7.4.6 Budding 208 7.4.7 Young seedling management 211 7.4.8 Grading for quality control 212 7.4.9 Root pruning 213 7.5 Transplanting in the field 214 7.5.1 Field preparation 214 7.5.2 Transporting the seedlings 215 7.5.3 Planting 217 7.5.4 Fertilizer application 219 7.5.5 Weed control 220 7.5.6 Weed control technique 221 7.5.7 Protection of young trees 222 7.5.8 Monitoring of performance 226 7.5.9 Management of trees 226 7.5.10 Biomass production 234 8. A functional Nursery Network 235 8.1 Linking satellite with central nurseries 236 8.2 Institutional arrangement 237 References 238 x Basic Agroforestry Concepts 1 Basic Agroforestry Concepts Pine + Oak Fruit trees + Cover crop Hedgerow + Food crops Figure 1: Agroforestry Landscape in Suan County, North Hwanghae Province of DPR Korea 1 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea (Sloping Land Management Project) 1.1 What is agroforestry? 1.1.1 The history Agroforestry is the sustainable integration of trees with food crops and livestock on the same unit of land.