TheThe GGrrazieazierr’’ss GGuuideide toto PPaaststururee ss Sowing and managing profitable pastures in the Central and Southern Tablelands, Monaro and Upper South West Slopes of New South Wales Written by: Bruce Clements, Agronomist, Bathurst; Linda Ayres, Agronomist, Orange; Col Langford, Sheep & Wool Officer, Goulburn; Lori McGarva, Agronomist, Goulburn; Peter Simpson, Former Regional Director of Agriculture, Sydney & South-East Region; Gerry Hennessy, Former Agronomist, Mudgee; Mike Keys, Agronomist (Special Projects), Queanbeyan; Brett Upjohn, Agronomist, Tumut; Fiona Leech, Agronomist, Yass. Edited by: Fiona Leech, Agronomist, Yass; Mike Keys, Agronomist (Special Projects), Queanbeyan Grazier’s Guide to Pastures 1 This guide to pastures in the Central and Southern Tablelands, Monaro and Upper South West Slopes of NSW is based on research and the experience of farmers and district advisory officers. This publication is intended to provide producers with the most important aspects of pasture work. References for further information on various topics are listed at the end of most chapters. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the assistance of: Bill Noad, Dubbo – editing Denys Garden, Canberra – photos and revising technical data Mary-Anne Lattimore – photos David Eddy – photos Meredith Mitchell, Agriculture Victoria, Rutherglen – photos Warren McDonald – references Peter Orchard – refereeing Acid Soil Action – funds for publication Prime Pasture Program – funds for publication First Edition – The contribution and support of the agribusiness companies, Wesfarmers Landmark and CRT, their local dealers and the Australian Rural Education Centre, Mudgee with printing, promotion and distribution of the booklet through their rural networks to our farmer clients is gratefully acknowledged. Second Edition – Printing was solely funded by The National Heritage Trust Project Number CW1285.98 “Conservation Grazing Support in the Central Tablelands and Slopes of New South Wales”. Their generous contribution is gratefully acknowledged. Disclaimer The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (June 2000). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up-to-date and to check currency of the information with the appropriate officer of New South Wales Department of Agriculture or the user's independent adviser. Pasture Improvement Pasture improvement may be associated with an increase in the incidence of certain livestock health disorders. Livestock and production losses from some disorders are possible. Management may need to be modified to minimise risk. Consult your veterinarian or adviser when planning pasture improvement. The Native Vegetation Act (1997) restricts some pasture improvement practices where existing pasture contains native species. Inquire through your office of the Department of Land and Water Conservation for further details. Always Read The Label ©The State of New South Wales Users of agricultural (or veterinary) chemical products must always read the NSW Agriculture 2003 label and any Permit, before using the product, and strictly comply with the directions on the label and the conditions of any Permit. Users are not ISBN 0 7347 1169 7 absolved from compliance with the directions on the label or the conditions Produced by staff of the Information Delivery Program, NSW of the permit by reason of any statement made or omitted to be made in this Agriculture, Dubbo and Orange publication. First Edition – October 2000 Second Edition – June 2003 2 Grazier’s Guide to Pastures Introduced Grasses Native Grasses Legumes KNOWLEDGE Innovative, leading edge products and services, built on sound science and supported by advanced technology. Delivered by experienced and com- mitted people. Highly valued by our clients as unique and vital to sustained growth of their farming enterprise. Photo courtesy the Canola Council of Canada Cocksfoot – Photo: D.Eddy Danthonia – Photo: M. Mitchell Balansa Clover – Photo: M. Lattimore KNOW-HOW Personal skills and expertise developed over many years of hands-on experi- ence with hundreds of properties and graziers. Practical. Up-to-Date. Down- to Earth. Supported by experienced and committed people throughout the entire branch network. Personalised advice gives our customers access to Phalaris – Photo: D.Eddy Microlaena – Photo: M. Mitchell Sub Clover – Photo: M. Lattimore the latest farming practice. CAN DO! Customers are our priority. When you and your farm needs it, we’ll find a way to deliver it right time, right place, right cost. Teamwork, cohesion and commitment. What we commit to, we deliver with enthusiasm and absolute dedication. Perennial Rygrass Red Grass – Photo: M. Mitchell White Clover – Photo: M. Lattimore KNOWLEDGE. KNOW-HOW. CAN DO! Fescue – Photo: M. Keys Lucerne – Photo: M. Lattimore Wesfarmers Landmark Limited ABN 73 008 743 217 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 4 9 PASTURES FOR SPECIFIC SITUATIONS 29 2 THE AREA 5 Typical Pasture Mixes 29 3 CLIMATE OF THE REGION 6 10 PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT 31 Implications of Climate for Pasture Growth 8 The Planning Phase 31 Rainfall Pattern and Variability 8 Seed Matters 32 Variability 9 Sowing Issues 32 Sowing and Machinery 34 4 SOILS OF THE REGION 10 Cropping and Pastures 35 Soil Indicators 10 FERTILISERS FOR PASTURES 36 Acid Soils 11 11 Correcting and Reducing Acid Soil Problems 12 Sowing Fertilisers 36 Fertiliser Maintenance Applications 37 5 PASTURE ELEMENTS 14 GRAZING MANAGEMENT 39 The Balanced Pasture 14 12 Grasses and Legumes 14 Seasonal Management of Established Perennials and Annuals 15 Sown Pastures 40 Pasture Mixtures 16 Managing Native Pastures 40 6 SUSTAINABLE PASTURE 13 MATCHING PASTURES AND DEVELOPMENT 17 LIVESTOCK REQUIREMENTS 42 What Factors Affect Pasture Development Animal Health Issues 43 Options? 17 WEED AND PEST CONTROL 45 Where Do Pastures Best Fit? 19 14 The Importance of Weed Control 44 7 NATIVE AND NATURALISED Weed Control in Pastures 44 PASTURES 20 Control of Pasture Pests 45 Growth and Production Patterns 20 Features of Common Native Perennial Grasses 20 15 ECONOMICS OF SOWING PASTURES 47 Features of Naturalised Species 21 How Land Class Influences Development Is Sowing an Introduced Pasture Economic? 47 Options 21 CROPPING IN THE REGION 50 Development Options for Native Pastures 22 16 Successful Cropping Practices 50 8 INTRODUCED PASTURE SPECIES 24 GLOSSARY 51 Legumes 24 Grasses 25 Warm Season Grasses 26 Herbs 27 Guidelines for Sowing Rates 27 Grazier’s Guide to Pastures 3 1. INTRODUCTION When pastures are well matched to soils, aspect, requirements, not just for fodder but also for factors topography, climate and livestock enterprise they have such as shelter. Exposure, for instance, can cause serious the potential to support high levels of livestock lamb losses during winter and in hot, windy weather it production, provided they are well managed. Well also reduces pasture production through increased managed perennial pastures provide good ground cover evaporation. which, in turn, reduce various forms of soil degradation Productive and persistent perennial grass based pastures (soil acidification, rising water tables and dryland are essential for sustainable land use. With adequate salinisation). They can also limit nutrient run-off into nutrition such pastures use water more efficiently streams and weed invasion, increase beneficial soil producing up to three times more feed per millimetre of micro-organisms and improve soil structure, pasture rain than nutrient deficient, unfertilised pastures. They composition and fertility. tolerate drought better and remain green longer in late Perennial pastures are the basis of both sustainable and spring, respond more quickly to rain especially in efficient livestock production in this region. The aim of autumn and have more legume and overall higher feed this booklet is to provide information to help producers quality. These attributes provide the potential for high select the right pasture development options and suitable profitability. species for their locality, enterprise and paddock based While overall soil fertility determines the level of on whole farm strategies. production, a high level of management skill is required The whole farm approach may include identifying to sustain optimum production from pastures whether landscapes where certain pastures or even grazing are not they comprise native perennials with introduced suited. It includes broad consideration of livestock legumes or fully introduced sown species. 4 Grazier’s Guide to Pastures 2. THE AREA This publication covers the Central and Southern ● Tablelands, Monaro and Upper South West Slopes of BYLONG NSW (see map). This area will henceforth be referred to ● MUDGEE as 'the region'. ● ● MUMBIL Most of the region is at least 500 m above sea level, rising RYLSTONE to over 1000 m in many areas. It therefore has relatively cool summers. Rainfall is fairly evenly spread throughout ● MOLONG the year. The topography is mainly undulating to hilly and CUDAL ● ● ORANGE erodible in nature so is best suited to grazing enterprises ● ● BATHURST LITHGOW based on perennial pastures. ● BLAYNEY ● OBERON ● WOODSTOCK COWRA ● MITTAGONG ● ● CROOKWELL ● BOOROWA ● GOULBURN ● YASS GUNDAGAI ● ● ● AUSTRALIAN QUEANBEYAN TUMUT ● ● TARCUTTA CAPITAL TERRITORY BRAIDWOOD ● BATLOW ● TUMBARUMBA ● HOLBROOK ● COOMA ● ALBURY ● JINDABYNE ● BOMBALA ● DELEGATE Grazier’s Guide to Pastures 5 3. CLIMATE OF