Strobe Light Student Lab Guide Engineering Teaching Laboratory Name__________________________ Date______________ Lab Partner(s)________________________________________ Page 1 of 10 NEW TERMS Electric Circuit: Electric circuits are paths for transmitting electric current, or moving electricity. Such circuits allow electricity to be used to provide power to lights, appliances, and many other devices Capacitor: a device used to store electric charge. It is similar to a battery except it stores energy instead of providing new energy. These are used to amplify power supplies and filter out electronic ripples. Resistor: a device that is designed to resist the passage of an electric current. Phototransistor: a transistor that is sensitive to light. A transistor is a semiconductor device that can be either used as an amplifier of a signal or as a switch. In this design the phototransistor, Q1, will used as a switch. Integrated Circuit (IC): An IC is a collection of electronic components (resistors, transistors, capacitors, etc.) all stuffed into a tiny chip, and connected together to achieve a common goal. In this design, the IC will function as a timer. Printed Circuit Board (PCB): a board that mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads, and other features etched into the nonconductive board in copper. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB. Sampling: the act of choosing a subset of similar samples from a set of samples. One can sample music, optics, motion and much more. Today we will design a strobe light as an optic sampler. Electromagnetic radiation: a kind of radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously. Aliasing: the misidentification of a signal frequency, introducing distortion or error which can make one real object can be observed in many different ways depending on how it is sampled. Stroboscopic effect: a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples. Terms to be familiar with: Circuits Series Parallel Voltage Electricity Conductors Insulators Page 2 of 10 INTRODUCTION Current, voltage, and resistance are related through Ohm’s Law (V= I * R). Simply put, a current is defined as a voltage across a known resistance and a voltage is defined as the current through a known resistance. Putting together voltage, current, and resistance develops a circuit. Circuits are very powerful tools used all throughout our daily lives. They are used to turn on our lights in the house and power our electronic devices. Circuits are composed of various components that contribute to its functionality. They all need a power source to function and have different combinations of resistors and capacitors to determine what the output signal will be. The output can be regulated by how many of these components are present, as well as the components’ values. This will lead to different circuits making different signals. In this lab activity, a circuit will be built to control the flash rate of a light. The human eye is able to detect flashing lights up to a certain flash rate that varies from person to person but is usually somewhere around 60 times per second. At flash rates higher than this frequency, the human eye can no longer detect the brightness variations and the light appears to be constantly illuminated. Human vision is also exhibits persistence, which means that the image of a briefly illuminated object is retained by the visual system for a brief instant even after the light has been extinguished. This effect is exploited in motion picture films – the images are displayed as a series of brief flashes that appear to be continuous. If a flashing light is used to illuminate an object in an otherwise dark environment the object will only be visible when the light is shining. Since the light is on for only 1% of the duration of each flash, the object is effectively only visible for 1% of the time and it is in the dark for the other 99% of the time. If the object is in motion, and the flashing is faster than can be directly observed by the human eye, the moving object will appear as a series of apparently stationary objects. Thus, a dancer would appear to be in multiple places at once – with each image perfectly clear and apparently stationary. When an object illuminated by a flashing light in an otherwise dark room is observed it appears to leave a trail of stationary objects in its wake. We say the position of the object has been sampled by the flashing light since the position is only recorded once during each flash. This process of making measurements at regular intervals is known as sampling and it is important in many fields. For instance, a self-driving car may use a radar system to sample what is near the car at regular intervals, and a digital recording system uses a microphone to sample the local air pressure (i.e. sound) typically 44,100 times per second. The relatively poor audio quality of a cell phone conversation is due in part to sampling at a lower rate in order to minimize the data required to carry the conversation. The sampler built here can be used to observe and measure many interesting physical phenomena. For instance, the device can be hung by a long string and used as a pendulum. If a camera capable of long exposures is used to observe the flashing pendulum a trail of dots will reveal the sampled location of the flasher. The velocity can be found from the spacing between the samples and the known flashing frequency of the unit. The potential energy can be measured by the change in height of the unit. These two measurements can be combined to show that the total energy (kinetic plus potential) of the pendulum remains constant during the swing. Long- exposure images can also be used to study elastic or inelastic collisions, the acceleration of a falling body, the acceleration of a ball rolling down a plane, the operation of Newton’s cradle, or parabolic trajectories. In these cases, the flasher is used to illuminate the objects producing a trail of samples - the spacing between the samples and the known flash rate yields the velocity). Page 3 of 10 PROCEDURE A) Value Critical These components can be installed either way around, but you must be very careful to install the right component in the right holes. Check the resistor color codes carefully and ask for assistance if you are not sure Also, the different capacitor values may look very similar. 1. Install a 390 ohm (orange white brown gold) resistor at location R1. 2. Install a 100 ohm (brown black brown gold) resistor at location R2 3. Install a 100 ohm (brown black brown gold) resistor at location R3. 4. Install a 100 ohm (brown black brown gold) resistor at location R4. 5. The 0.1 μF capacitors is blue. Install it at location C2. 6. The 1 μF capacitor is the orange one that is all by itself. Install it at location C1. 7. The 22 pF capacitors are the orange components stuck to a piece of tape. Install one at location C3. 8. Install the other 22 pF capacitor at C4. Page 4 of 10 9. Install a tactile switch at location SW1. Align the switch so that the leads fit into the holes (the pin pattern is rectangular, not square) and press firmly to snap the switch into the board. 10. The quartz crystal is packaged in a metal can. To prevent short circuits, find the (nearly invisible) plastic insulator (A) and slide it all the way onto the crystal’s (B) leads as shown below. Install the crystal at location X1. Trim the crystal leads. 11. Install the 6-pin connector at SV1. The pins have a long side and a short side; install it with the short pins going into the board. These pins are too stiff to bend, so just turn the board over carefully and let the weight of the board hold it in place. Solder one pin of the 6-pin connector. Turn the board over and check that the connector is straight. If it has moved, ask for help in straightening it. Solder the remaining connections. B) Orientation Critical The following components must be installed in a particular direction. After installing the component, solder it down and trim the leads if necessary. Page 5 of 10 1. Locate the resistor array with two rows of pins (16 legged). Notice that the pins on one side of the chip are not parallel with the other side. Place the chip on a flat surface and bend all of the pins perpendicular to the chip body. 2. Look at the resistor array and notice that there is a small notch on one end – this notch also appears in the component outline on the circuit board at location RN1. Align the notch on the chip with the notch on the board and install the resistor pack on the board. Bend the corner leads to hold it in the board. 3. Locate the two resistor arrays that have a single row of 8 pins. Look carefully to see that there is writing on one side of the component. Note that there is a dot at one end of the writing. Look at the circuit board location RP1 and notice that one of the end holes is marked differently than the others – it has a box around it and a partial X through it. Install the resistor array at RP1 with the dotted end going into the X marked hole.