University of Nevada, Reno Parental Advisory – Explicit Content: The Parents Music Resource Center, Conservative Music Censorship, and the Protection of Children A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Sean D. Busey Dr. Greta de Jong/Thesis Advisor May, 2018 © by Sean D. Busey 2018 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by SEAN D. BUSEY entitled Parental Advisory – Explicit Content: The Parents Music Resource Center, Conservative Music Censorship, and the Protection of Children be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Greta de Jong, Ph.D., Advisor Cameron B. Strang, Ph.D., Committee Member Christopher M. Church, Ph.D., Committee Member Louis Niebur, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2018 i Abstract Historians have long overlooked and misunderstood the Parents Music Resource Center, an activist group formed in 1985 to correct perceived excesses in heavy metal music. Scholars have focused their analyses almost exclusively on the First Amendment implications of the group’s actions, largely dismissing the PMRC in the process. This thesis argues that by expanding the historical analysis of the group to include the social and political climate of previous generations and of the 1980s, the self-stated goals of the PMRC, and a musicological discussion of heavy metal and why the group specifically targeted this genre, we can see that the PMRC was in fact an incredibly influential sociopolitical activist group that is representative of the political shift in the United States in the 1980s. ii Acknowledgments There are many people I would like to thank not only for their help in writing this thesis, but for the help they offered throughout my entire collegiate experience. Special thanks go to my committee members, for their feedback and encouragement over the years, and to my parents, for the same. Your constant questions challenged me, and continue to make me strive to be better. To everybody else that helped, whether I know it or not and whether you know it or not, thank you. iii Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Censorship Law and Early Conservative Critiques of Popular Culture 12 III. The PMRC as a Conservative Special Interest Group 24 IV. Government as a Protector of Children and Constitutional Precedent for the PMRC’s Goals 40 V. Conclusion – The Legacy of the Parents Music Resource Center 52 1 I. Introduction In December 1984, Mary Elizabeth “Tipper” Gore came home from a shopping trip with a copy of the soundtrack album to the film Purple Rain, which her daughter had asked for as a gift. Released theatrically earlier that year, the film starred the musician Prince, who also wrote and performed several songs for the film’s soundtrack. After putting the record on, Gore was horrified at the lyrics of the track “Darling Nikki”: “I knew a girl named Nikki / I guess you could say she was a sex fiend / I met her in a hotel lobby / masturbating with a magazine.” Susan Baker, wife of James Baker, Secretary of the Treasury under Ronald Reagan, had a similar experience. Her seven-year-old daughter, after listening to the lyrics “Like a virgin / Touched for the very first time” from the Madonna song “Like a Virgin,” approached Baker asking for an explanation as to the song’s meaning. Shocked by these lyrics, Gore and Baker, along with other wives of prominent Washington D.C.-area politicians and businessmen, co-founded the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) in 1985 to challenge and correct what they perceived as thematic excesses in rock and heavy metal music. Seeking to implement a voluntary rating system similar to that used by the MPAA for feature films, the PMRC intended to create a system by which parents could be made aware of the lyrical and thematic content of music purchased for their children. Throughout the early months of 1985, the PMRC sent letters to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and dozens of record labels and met with RIAA president Stan Gortikov demanding self-regulation on the part of these companies. In 2 addition to these meetings, the PMRC released numerous press statements and made a number of television and radio appearances explaining their position and their goals. In September of that year, the PMRC brought the issue before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and presented their arguments for a labeling and rating system. Many musicians, music industry employees, and music critics argued against the group’s actions, citing the freedoms of the First Amendment enjoyed by performers. Despite the significant and highly publicized opposition to the PMRC’s arguments, in 1990, after 5 years of controversy and debate, the now-common “Parental Advisory: Explicit Content” sticker, also known informally (and disrespectfully) as the “Tipper Sticker,” debuted.1 In their treatments of the PMRC, historians have largely taken the same defensive stance as the artists testifying at the 1985 hearing, typically invoking the First Amendment in their studies of the PMRC. This approach has resulted in histories of the PMRC that vary greatly in both quality and impartiality. Some studies are respectfully critical of the group’s actions, arguing that free speech in the context of artistry is absolute and should not be subject to one group’s or person’s tastes. Others have openly attacked the group’s founding members, all spouses of prominent Washington D.C.-area politicians and businessmen, as bored housewives on some misguided moral crusade, arguing by extension that legislating morality is inherently subjective and thus dangerous. Almost universally, the First Amendment is invoked either as the only lens of critique or as a shield and sword for defense and counterattack. 1 Nuzum, Eric, Parental Advisory: Music Censorship in America. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2001, 7. 3 One example of the former is Frederick S. Lane’s work on the culture wars in the United States. Typical of the brief discussion many historical works devote to Tipper Gore and the PMRC, Lane devotes only a relatively brisk passage to the group and attributes their success to their political connections before descending into a discussion of the constitutionality of the PMRC’s crusade. Uninspiringly, he concludes that based on their actions, the group’s intentions were “disingenuous.”2 Still other historians have failed to accurately describe the group’s goals and give them appropriate credit for the change they enacted in relation to those stated objectives. Andrew Hartman notes that Gore struggled to maintain public awareness of the fact that not only was she a fan of rock music and a champion of free speech, but also that she was politically liberal. Throughout time with the PMRC, she repeatedly stressed her desire to not be stereotyped as another conservative hater of a frightening new form of popular culture. In his discussion of this, however, Hartman misses an opportunity to appropriately credit and critique the PMRC. His discussion makes it seem as if the changes they caused, which were changes they actively sought, simply got away from them and happened not because of the group and their influence on the music industry, but because others took over for them.3 Other historians of popular culture have been far less objective in their accounts of the PMRC. Peter Blecha’s work on the history of music censorship initially describes the PMRC as “just another bunch of perhaps ditzy, if well-connected busybodies who 2 Lane, Frederick S. The Decency Wars: The Campaign to Cleanse American Culture. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2006, 127-130. 3 Hartman, Andrew. A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars. University of Chicago Press, 2015, 177. 4 tried to present a reasonable ‘we’re not censors—just concerned parents’ vibe and seemed to want some sort of ‘review’ of the issues regarding dirty lyrics and nasty album-cover art.”4 Despite the fact that the PMRC was an organization of intelligent, politically and socially minded strategists, this is never presented in Blecha’s account. Instead, his demeaning language persists, and in his account the PMRC never stopped telling lies.5 And although other authors are less vitriolic and discuss the PMRC in more depth, this doesn’t mean that their works break the mold of constitutional myopia. Popular music writer Eric Nuzum discusses the group at length in his work on music censorship, and even states that the group “had more of an impact than most people in the music industry would like to admit.”6 However, his discussion is still built on the foundation of the First Amendment and he only hints at the broader context in which the PMRC’s actions took place. In any discussion of a medium of popular culture, the work of cultural theorists would be central to the discussion’s foundation. Unfortunately, despite the potential for a hearty discussion of the PMRC’s action in a theoretical context, the opportunity has thus far been missed. Among the more notable examples, Lawrence Grossberg’s influential book We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture fails to live up to this challenge. Grossberg asserts in his introduction that the PMRC best exemplifies one of the three major strategies for attacking rock music: to place the authority to define what is “proper” and “appropriate” in the hands of not only the parent, 4 Blecha, Peter. Taboo Tunes: A History of Banned Bands and Censored Songs. San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2004, 108.