Survey of selected fluorinated green- house gases Part of the LOUS-review Environmental project No. 1655, 2015 Title: Authors & contributors: Survey of selected fluorinated greenhouse gases Erik Hansen 1 Per Henrik Pedersen 2 Frans Møller Christensen 1 Karen Louise Feilberg 1 Marlies Warming 1 Published by: 1 COWI A/S, Denmark 2Danish Technological Institute The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk/english Year: ISBN no. 2015 978-87-93283-82-4 Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning re- search and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. While the information provided in this report is believed to be accurate, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency disclaims any responsibility for possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences that may flow from them. Neither the Danish Environmental Protection Agency nor COWI or any individual involved in the preparation of this publication shall be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by persons who have acted based on their understanding of the information contained in this publication. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Survey of selected fluorinated greenhouse gases Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Summary and conclusions ......................................................................................... 7 Sammenfatning og konklusion ................................................................................ 12 1. Introduction to the substances ......................................................................... 18 1.1 Definition of the substance group ........................................................................................ 18 1.2 Physical and chemical properties ......................................................................................... 21 1.3 Function of the substances for main application areas ...................................................... 29 2. Regulatory framework...................................................................................... 32 2.1 Legislation ............................................................................................................................ 32 2.1.1 Existing legislation ................................................................................................ 32 2.1.2 Proposed new regulation ...................................................................................... 32 2.2 Classification and labelling .................................................................................................. 40 2.2.1 Harmonised classification in the EU .................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Self-classification in the EU ................................................................................... 41 2.3 REACH .................................................................................................................................. 41 2.3.1 Authorisation List / REACH Annex XIV ............................................................... 41 2.3.2 Ongoing activities - pipeline .................................................................................. 41 2.4 Other legislation/initiatives ................................................................................................. 41 2.5 International agreements .................................................................................................... 43 2.6 Other relevant national regulation ...................................................................................... 44 2.7 Eco-labels ............................................................................................................................. 46 2.8 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 47 3. Manufacture and uses ...................................................................................... 50 3.1 Manufacturing ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.1.1 Manufacturing processes ...................................................................................... 50 3.1.2 Manufacturing sites ............................................................................................... 51 3.1.3 Manufacturing volumes ........................................................................................ 52 3.2 Import, export and sale ....................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1 Import and export of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in Denmark...................................... 53 3.2.2 Sales of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in EU ...................................................................... 56 3.3 Use ........................................................................................................................................ 60 3.3.1 Registrations by the Danish Product Register ..................................................... 60 3.3.2 Use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in EU ........................................................................ 60 3.3.3 Danish investigations ............................................................................................ 62 3.4 Historical trends in use ........................................................................................................ 64 3.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 66 4. Waste management .......................................................................................... 68 4.1 Waste from manufacture and use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6................................................. 68 4.2 Waste products from the use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in mixtures and articles ................ 68 4.3 Release of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 from waste disposal ......................................................... 69 4.4 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 70 5. Environmental hazards and exposure ............................................................... 72 Survey of selected fluorinated greenhouse gases 3 5.1 Environmental Hazards....................................................................................................... 72 5.1.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 72 5.1.2 Global warming potentials .................................................................................... 72 5.1.3 Other environmental hazards ............................................................................... 74 5.2 Environmental Exposure ..................................................................................................... 74 5.2.1 Sources of release .................................................................................................. 74 5.2.2 Monitoring data ..................................................................................................... 77 5.3 Environmental impact .......................................................................................................... 77 5.3.1 Global Warming ..................................................................................................... 77 5.3.2 Degradation Products ........................................................................................... 79 5.4 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 80 6. Human health effects and exposure .................................................................. 82 6.1 Human health hazard .......................................................................................................... 82 6.1.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 82 6.1.2 Hazard assessment................................................................................................ 83 6.2 Human exposure .................................................................................................................. 87 6.2.1 Direct exposure ..................................................................................................... 87 6.2.2 Indirect exposure .................................................................................................. 87 6.3 Bio-monitoring data ............................................................................................................ 88 6.4 Human health impact .......................................................................................................... 88 6.5 Summary and conclusions ..................................................................................................